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Hypertrophy of palatine tonsils (HPT) is a transitory condition characterized by an enlargement of the lymphoid tissue of the palatine tonsils, located in the oral cavity between the anterior and posterior palatine arches, without signs of chronic inflammation. Classification By degree of tonsillar hypertrophy: By localization of the process: Etiology Hypertrophy of palatine tonsils is […]

Infectious diseases of the external auditory canal (otitis externa) are localized inflammation of the skin and underlying tissues (hair follicles, subcutaneous fatty tissue, cartilage with cartilage, in some cases – temporal bone). Classification of otitis externa External otitis media: Etiology The etiologic factor in the development of infections of the external ear is a mixed […]

Infectious diseases of the auricle are localized inflammation of the skin and underlying tissues (hair follicles, subcutaneous fatty tissue, muscles, cartilage with cartilage). Classification Infections of the ear drum: Etiology The etiologic factor in the development of outer ear infection is a mixed flora (bacterial, viral, fungal). The presence of predisposing factors such as: Among […]

Irreversible pulpitis is an inflammation of the dental pulp that does not disappear when its cause is eliminated. Etiology The main cause of pulpitis development is the penetration of the carious process into the pulp. It can also be caused by tooth trauma (mechanical injury, occlusal trauma, orthodontic tooth movement), iatrogenic factors (preparation without cooling, […]

Nasopharyngeal diseases are a common group of pathologies, especially in children. They are associated with impaired function of lymphoid tissue located in this area, and can lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of life, nasal breathing difficulties, sleep disorders, hearing loss and other complications. The most common are adenoid hypertrophy and adenoiditis, and […]

Nasal bleeding(epistaxis) – bleeding from a blood vessel in the nasal cavity when its integrity or permeability is compromised. It’s the most common type of bleeding. Classification of nosebleeds Localization – anterior bleeding– posterior bleeding Etiology – traumatic– caused by local processes– generalized The amount of blood loss – scant bleeding– moderate bleeding– heavy bleeding […]

Infectious lesions of the external nose include diseases of the skin of the external nose, the etiological factor of which is a bacterial infection and the presence of favorable conditions. The affected area includes the skin, hair follicles, subcutaneous fatty tissue, while the mucous membrane remains intact. Classification Nasal furuncle: Other diseases: Etiology The leading […]

An apical abscess is a purulent inflammation of the periapical tissues in response to massive escape of virulent bacteria from the root canal system of a tooth. Etiology Acute apical abscess may develop primary as an outcome of acute apical periodontitis, be the result of exacerbation of chronic inflammation in the periapical area. The etiologic […]

Acute apical periodontitis is an inflammation of periodontal tissue, mainly caused by infection in the root canal system of a tooth. It involves involvement of the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum in the area of the tooth root apex (periapical area). Etiology Apical periodontitis can be caused by the following factors: Bacteria are the […]

Condensing osteitis (focal sclerosing osteomyelitis, focal sclerosing osteitis) is a localized area of increased bone formation around the apex of the tooth root that forms in response to prolonged exposure to a bacterial irritant. Etiology The development of condensing osteitis is thought to be due to a prolonged inflammatory process associated with the activity of […]