Discover the VOKA Wiki

Epidemiology of carotid atherosclerosis Carotid atherosclerosis is a chronic disease in which atherosclerotic plaques form on the inner wall of the carotid arteries, narrowing the vessel lumen and impairing blood flow to the brain. The disease represents one of the leading causes of strokes worldwide. The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis varies considerably according to geographic […]

Reversible pulpitis is a clinical diagnosis based on objective and subjective signs of the presence of mild inflammation in the pulp tissue. If the cause of inflammation is eliminated, the pulp returns to normal. Etiology Reversible inflammation of the pulp may be the result of a carious process, recent dental treatment, or trauma. Carious process […]

Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a heart condition in which the aortic valve is narrowed and prevents the normal flow of blood from the left ventricle. Epidemiology Aortic valve stenosis occupies the leading position in the structure of morbidity of all valve pathologies of the heart. The prevalence of AAC increases significantly with age: in […]

Ear tumors represent a diverse group of formations that can be both benign and malignant (ear cancer). They are localized in various parts of the ear: outer, middle, or inner. Depending on the origin and nature of the tumor, they can cause various symptoms and require specific approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Definitions of ear […]

Foreign bodies in the nose, paranasal sinuses, and throat are pathological conditions in which external objects enter the human body. These foreign bodies get stuck in or on the surface of tissues, causing discomfort and unpleasant sensations. If left for a prolonged period, they can contribute to the development of chronic infections. Classification of Foreign […]

Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosa. The disease has common symptoms, regardless of the causes, such as nasal congestion and rhinorrhea (nasal discharge), and specific symptoms characteristic of certain types of rhinitis. Classification of Rhinitis Acute rhinitis: Chronic rhinitis: Etiology Acute rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosa lasting no more than […]

Caries is an infectious process of demineralization and destruction of hard dental tissues. Etiology Caries develops when several factors combine: dental plaque microflora, easily fermentable dietary carbohydrates, a caries-susceptible tooth, and prolonged exposure time. Microorganisms colonize tooth surfaces not subject to friction from the tongue, cheeks, and food fibers, forming a biofilm known as dental […]

External ear injuries include mechanical damage to the auricle and external auditory canal. These conditions have varying degrees of severity, etiological factors, and injury mechanisms. Classification of External Ear Injuries Etiology Superficial and deep injuries of the auricle occur due to mechanical impact (trauma, blows, falls, bites, car accidents). Injuries to the auditory canal often […]

Injury to the middle and inner ear – Anatomo-functional damage to the middle and/or inner ear caused by pathologic force and resulting in hearing loss or vestibular disorders. Traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane is a violation of the integrity of the tympanic membrane caused by an external stimulus and accompanied by hearing loss. Auditory […]

Aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) is a heart condition in which the aortic valve leaflets do not close completely, leading to a reverse blood flow (regurgitation) from the aorta into the left ventricle. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Acute aortic regurgitation develops suddenly, most commonly due to infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, or valve trauma. Acute AR quickly leads […]