Laryngitis

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx, which most often affects the vocal folds. The main symptom of this condition is impaired vocal function — hoarseness (dysphonia), up to complete loss of voice (aphonia).

The disease is divided into acute and chronic forms. Acute laryngitis is one of the most common causes of sudden hoarseness, while chronic laryngitis is characterised by a persistent change in voice over a long period of time (more than three weeks).

Etiology and pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of laryngitis is related to swelling and hyperemia (redness) of the lining of the larynx, especially the vocal cords. This impairs their ability to vibrate evenly, which leads to a change in the timbre of the voice.

The causes of acute and chronic laryngitis are different:

• Acute laryngitis. In the vast majority of cases, it is caused by a viral infection (as a component of ARVI). Less commonly, the cause is severe vocal strain (shouting, prolonged singing) or inhalation of irritants.
• Chronic laryngitis. The condition develops in the event of prolonged exposure to adverse factors. These include smoking, regular vocal strain (occupational factor), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic infections of the nasopharynx and sinuses.

Clinical significance

The clinical presentation of acute laryngitis includes hoarseness, a feeling of dryness, scratching, scratching in the throat and a dry, “barking” cough. Symptoms of ARVI, such as low-grade fever and general malaise, are often observed.

The diagnosis is usually made based on complaints and medical history. In cases of prolonged symptoms or suspicion of a more serious pathology, laryngoscopy is performed. Treatment of acute laryngitis primarily consists of ensuring vocal rest. It is also recommended humidifying the air, drinking plenty of warm fluids and avoiding smoking.

Any hoarseness lasting more than three weeks requires mandatory examination by an otorhinolaryngologist to rule out laryngeal neoplasms.