Cavernous tissue

Cavernous tissue is a specialised tissue with a spongy structure consisting of a network of interconnected vascular cavities (caverns) separated by muscle and connective tissue septa. Its main property is an ability to dramatically change its volume and elasticity by filling with blood.

Essentially, this tissue is the body’s hydraulic system, capable of transitioning from a soft, relaxed state to a tense and enlarged state. This process is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Structure and mechanism of action

The tissue structure consists of numerous cavities (lacunae) lined with endothelium and separating partitions (trabeculae) containing smooth muscle cells. The mechanism of action is universal: when smooth muscles relax, arteries dilate and blood fills the lacunae; when muscles contract, arteries constrict and blood flows away.

Functions and localisation

Although the structure of the tissue is the same, it is used by the body for different tasks:

• Erectile function. In the cavernous bodies of the penis and clitoris, blood filling the tissue, which is surrounded by a dense membrane, creates the high pressure and hardness (rigidity) necessary for sexual intercourse.
• Regulatory function. In the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities, this tissue swells and subsides to regulate air flow, warming and humidifying it without creating excessive rigidity.

Clinical Significance

Disorders in the functioning of cavernous tissue underlie a number of pathological conditions. In the genitals, its dysfunction leads to erectile dysfunction or priapism. In the nose, it leads to chronic congestion in vasomotor or hypertrophic rhinitis.