Dentistry

Reversible pulpitis is a clinical diagnosis based on objective and subjective signs of the presence of mild inflammation in the pulp tissue. If the cause of inflammation is eliminated, the pulp returns to normal. Etiology Reversible inflammation of the pulp may be the result of a carious process, recent dental treatment, or trauma. Carious process […]

Caries is an infectious process of demineralization and destruction of hard dental tissues. Etiology Caries develops when several factors combine: dental plaque microflora, easily fermentable dietary carbohydrates, a caries-susceptible tooth, and prolonged exposure time. Microorganisms colonize tooth surfaces not subject to friction from the tongue, cheeks, and food fibers, forming a biofilm known as dental […]

Irreversible pulpitis is an inflammation of the dental pulp that does not disappear when its cause is eliminated. Etiology The main cause of pulpitis development is the penetration of the carious process into the pulp. It can also be caused by tooth trauma (mechanical injury, occlusal trauma, orthodontic tooth movement), iatrogenic factors (preparation without cooling, […]

An apical abscess is a purulent inflammation of the periapical tissues in response to massive escape of virulent bacteria from the root canal system of a tooth. Etiology Acute apical abscess may develop primary as an outcome of acute apical periodontitis, be the result of exacerbation of chronic inflammation in the periapical area. The etiologic […]

Acute apical periodontitis is an inflammation of periodontal tissue, mainly caused by infection in the root canal system of a tooth. It involves involvement of the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum in the area of the tooth root apex (periapical area). Etiology Apical periodontitis can be caused by the following factors: Bacteria are the […]

Condensing osteitis (focal sclerosing osteomyelitis, focal sclerosing osteitis) is a localized area of increased bone formation around the apex of the tooth root that forms in response to prolonged exposure to a bacterial irritant. Etiology The development of condensing osteitis is thought to be due to a prolonged inflammatory process associated with the activity of […]

Apical granuloma is the most common form of chronic apical periodontitis, which is an inflammatory lesion with granulomatous tissue and a predominance of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Chronic apical periodontitis is a long-term inflammatory process in the tissues surrounding the apex of the tooth root that is accompanied by radiologic periapical bone resorption but […]

Periapical cyst is a pathologic cavity in the apex of the root of the tooth, with liquid contents and a lining of non-orogenic multilayered squamous epithelium, is a type of chronic apical periodontitis. Etiology The cause of periapical cyst formation is microbial infection in the root canal system of the tooth. The main cells involved […]