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Apical granuloma is the most common form of chronic apical periodontitis, which is an inflammatory lesion with granulomatous tissue and a predominance of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Chronic apical periodontitis is a long-term inflammatory process in the tissues surrounding the apex of the tooth root that is accompanied by radiologic periapical bone resorption but […]

Periapical cyst is a pathologic cavity in the apex of the root of the tooth, with liquid contents and a lining of non-orogenic multilayered squamous epithelium, is a type of chronic apical periodontitis. Etiology The cause of periapical cyst formation is microbial infection in the root canal system of the tooth. The main cells involved […]

Developmental anomalies of the external ear are congenital malformations of the auricle or the external auditory canal. This group of abnormalities causes functional and aesthetic impairments that result in delayed speech development and/or dissatisfaction with one’s appearance. Determination Complete atresia of the ear canal – absence of the external ear canal. Auditory canal stenosis – […]

The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. Acquired tricuspid valve diseases develop after birth and disrupt this flow. The two main types are tricuspid stenosis (TS) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). While rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis are known causes, other factors like carcinoid syndrome, radiation therapy, connective tissue disorders, […]