Osteosynthesis

Osteosynthesis (from Greek osteon — bone and synthesis — union, conjunction) is a surgical method for aligning bone fragments and effectively eliminating their mobility using various implantable metal or polymer structures.

Etiology and pathophysiology

The main biological goal of osteosynthesis is to establish mechanical stability at the fracture site. Ideal fixation eliminates the slightest micro-movement of the bone fragments. This creates optimal conditions for what is known as direct (primary) bone healing, which occurs without the formation of a massive cartilage callus.

Internal (intramedullary) osteosynthesis implies the installation of fixators directly on the bone (superficial plates and screws) or insertion into the medullary canal (intramedullary titanium rods). External (transosseous) osteosynthesis uses external fixation devices, where the supporting rigid frame is outside the patient’s body.

Clinical significance

Absolute medical indications for surgery include open fractures, intra-articular fractures with displacement of articular surfaces, fractures with major blood vessel damage, as well as severe polytrauma.

Quality osteosynthesis completely eliminates the need for prolonged wearing of plaster casts. The patient is enabled to begin early mobilization and rehabilitation of movements in adjacent joints, preventing the development of muscle atrophy, persistent contractures, and dangerous venous thromboses.