Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy (from Greek lapara – groin, womb, skopeo – looking) is a modern minimally invasive surgical access that provides visualization and manipulation in the abdominal cavity. The operation is performed through small punctures (trocar ports with a diameter of 5-10 mm) using an endovision camera.

Etiology and pathophysiology

The technique requires the application of carboxyperitoneum (insufflation of carbon dioxide into the abdominal cavity at a pressure of 10-12 mmHg) to create an operative space (“working room”). The optical system provides multiple magnification of the operating field and excellent illumination. This allows the surgeon to perform precision tissue dissection, vessel coagulation and separation of thin adhesions with minimal traumatization of surrounding healthy structures.

Clinical significance

In modern gynecology, laparoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing peritoneal forms of endometriosis (it allows to see heterotopias invisible on ultrasound and MRI), genital tuberculosis (biopsy of milky rashes) and assessing the patency of fallopian tubes. It allows performing complex reconstructive surgeries (myomectomy, excision of infiltrates, hysterectomy) with a short rehabilitation period, low risk of postoperative adhesions and better cosmetic effect.