Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic technique that enables healthcare professionals to examine internal cavities and hollow organs using a specialized instrument called an endoscope. An endoscope is a flexible or rigid device equipped with an optical system (camera) and a light source at its distal end.

The procedure serves to examine mucous membranes visually and to perform various interventions at the same time. Biopsy forceps, polypectomy snares, or tools for hemostasis can be introduced through the endoscopic instrument channel.

Techniques and Classification

The endoscope is introduced into the body through natural orifices or via small surgical incisions, as in laparoscopy or arthroscopy. The camera transmits real-time images to a monitor, enabling detailed examination of the target area.

Depending on the organ being examined, endoscopy is classified into several types:

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
• Colonoscopy. Examination of the large intestine.
• Bronchoscopy. Examination of the trachea and bronchi.
• Cystoscopy. Examination of the urinary bladder.
• Laparoscopy. Examination of the abdominal cavity.

Clinical Significance

Endoscopy is crucial for diagnosis, screening, and treatment of numerous conditions. It is considered the gold standard for early detection of gastrointestinal cancers, as it allows for the identification and immediate removal of precancerous lesions (polyps).

The method is also indispensable for diagnosing peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel disorders, and identifying sources of internal bleeding. As a therapeutic modality, endoscopy is central to minimally invasive surgery, facilitating significantly faster recovery compared to conventional open procedures.