{"id":8408,"date":"2026-10-22T16:37:21","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/ensaio-imunoenzimatico\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:37:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:37:23","slug":"ensaio-imunoenzimatico","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/ensaio-imunoenzimatico\/","title":{"rendered":"Ensaio imunoenzim\u00e1tico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O ensaio imunoenzim\u00e1tico, ELISA (do latim immunitas<\/em> \u2014 libera\u00e7\u00e3o, isen\u00e7\u00e3o de algo, e fermentum<\/em> \u2014 fermento) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo b\u00e1sico de diagn\u00f3stico sorol\u00f3gico laboratorial, baseado na rea\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica de liga\u00e7\u00e3o do ant\u00edgeno ao anticorpo.<\/p>\n\n

Ao contr\u00e1rio da PCR, que detecta o material gen\u00e9tico do v\u00edrus, o ELISA \u00e9 mais frequentemente utilizado para detectar o vest\u00edgio imunol\u00f3gico (anticorpos) deixado pelo v\u00edrus no organismo do paciente.<\/p>\n\n

Etiologia e fisiopatologia<\/h2>\n\n

O m\u00e9todo baseia-se no princ\u00edpio de reconhecimento molecular \u00abchave-fechadura\u00bb. O processo diagn\u00f3stico consiste nas seguintes etapas:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. o fabricante aplica previamente ant\u00edgenos purificados do v\u00edrus de interesse (por exemplo, o v\u00edrus do sarampo) no fundo dos po\u00e7os de uma microplaca pl\u00e1stica espec\u00edfica;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. adiciona-se o soro sangu\u00edneo do paciente (se a pessoa estiver com sarampo ou j\u00e1 o tiver tido, h\u00e1 anticorpos em seu sangue que se ligam firmemente aos ant\u00edgenos no fundo do po\u00e7o);<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. para visualizar esse processo, adicionam-se ao po\u00e7o anticorpos secund\u00e1rios aos quais uma enzima est\u00e1 quimicamente conjugada; eles se ligam ao complexo j\u00e1 formado;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. na etapa final, adiciona-se o substrato revelador.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    A enzima cliva o substrato, alterando a colora\u00e7\u00e3o do l\u00edquido no po\u00e7o. Quanto mais intensa a colora\u00e7\u00e3o (densidade \u00f3ptica), maior a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o (t\u00edtulo) de anticorpos no sangue do paciente.<\/p>\n\n

    Import\u00e2ncia cl\u00ednica<\/h2>\n\n

    O ELISA \u00e9 o principal instrumento para determinar o est\u00e1gio do processo infeccioso. Ele permite ao m\u00e9dico n\u00e3o apenas confirmar o contato do paciente com a infec\u00e7\u00e3o, mas tamb\u00e9m classificar os anticorpos por classes (IgM, IgG, IgA), bem como determinar sua avidez (for\u00e7a de liga\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/p>\n\n

    O m\u00e9todo ELISA \u00e9 utilizado para realizar:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • triagem de sangue de doadores<\/strong> \u2014 para HIV, hepatites e s\u00edfilis;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • testagem de gestantes (painel TORCH)<\/strong> \u2014 para avaliar o risco de infec\u00e7\u00e3o intrauterina do feto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      Se o ELISA apresentar resultado positivo para anticorpos contra uma nova infec\u00e7\u00e3o, o diagn\u00f3stico frequentemente requer confirma\u00e7\u00e3o por m\u00e9todos mais complexos (por exemplo, imunoblotting ou PCR).<\/p>\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      O ensaio imunoenzim\u00e1tico, ELISA (do latim immunitas<\/em> \u2014 libera\u00e7\u00e3o, isen\u00e7\u00e3o de algo, e fermentum<\/em> \u2014 fermento) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo b\u00e1sico de diagn\u00f3stico sorol\u00f3gico laboratorial, baseado na rea\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica de liga\u00e7\u00e3o do ant\u00edgeno ao anticorpo. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8408","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEnsaio imunoenzim\u00e1tico: defini\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica e vis\u00e3o geral | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O ensaio imunoenzim\u00e1tico, ELISA (do latim immunitas \u2014 libera\u00e7\u00e3o, isen\u00e7\u00e3o de algo, e fermentum \u2014 fermento) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo b\u00e1sico de diagn\u00f3stico sorol\u00f3gico laboratorial, baseado na rea\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica de liga\u00e7\u00e3o do ant\u00edgeno ao anticorpo.\" \/>\n<meta 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