{"id":887,"date":"2025-04-14T19:37:27","date_gmt":"2025-04-14T16:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/stenoz-aortalnogo-klapana\/"},"modified":"2026-07-15T12:58:33","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T09:58:33","slug":"estenose-aortica","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/doencas\/cardiologia\/estenose-aortica\/","title":{"rendered":"Estenose da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica: Causas, fisiopatologia, sintomas, gravidade, diagn\u00f3stico e tratamento"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Estenose\" data-tooltip=\"Estenose (do grego \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u2014 estreitamento, compress\u00e3o) \u00e9 um estreitamento patol\u00f3gico e persistente do l\u00famen de qualquer forma\u00e7\u00e3o anat\u00f4mica oca (vaso sangu\u00edneo, v\u00e1lvula card\u00edaca, trato digestivo, trato respirat\u00f3rio ou canal espinhal).\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/estenose\/\">Estenose<\/span> a\u00f3rtica (EA) \u00e9 uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o card\u00edaca em que a v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica fica estreita, obstruindo o fluxo sangu\u00edneo normal do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo. <\/p>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a883c474fa2e\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/Aortic-valve-stenosis-rheumatic-BG-Logo-plashki-sound-_1_.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 estenose a\u00f3rtica reum\u00e1tica<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/2%20Degenerative%20aortic%20valve%20stenosis%20BG%2BLogo%2Bplashki%2Bsound.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 estenose a\u00f3rtica degenerativa<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a883c474fa2e\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a883c474fa2e\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a883c474fa2e\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a883c474fa2e', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a883c474fa2e',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a883c474fa2e',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a883c474fa2e',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"epidemiologia\">Epidemiologia<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A estenose da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica ocupa a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de lideran\u00e7a na estrutura de morbilidade de todas as patologias das v\u00e1lvulas card\u00edacas. A preval\u00eancia da EA aumenta significativamente com a idade: na faixa et\u00e1ria acima de 75 anos, a preval\u00eancia da EA pode chegar a 12%<strong>\u2013<\/strong>13%, e a estenose a\u00f3rtica cr\u00edtica \u00e9 observada em 3%<strong>\u2013<\/strong>4% dos pacientes idosos. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os homens s\u00e3o mais suscet\u00edveis \u00e0 EA do que as mulheres. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nos pa\u00edses com rendimentos elevados e com um sistema de sa\u00fade desenvolvido, a doen\u00e7a \u00e9 diagnosticada com mais frequ\u00eancia, o que est\u00e1 associado a um n\u00edvel mais elevado de cuidados m\u00e9dicos e \u00e0 acessibilidade dos procedimentos de diagn\u00f3stico. Nos pa\u00edses em desenvolvimento, os dados sobre a preval\u00eancia da SAC s\u00e3o limitados, o que pode dever-se a um diagn\u00f3stico inadequado e a uma esperan\u00e7a de vida mais curta.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No passado, a principal causa de estenose a\u00f3rtica era a <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Febre reum\u00e1tica aguda\" data-tooltip=\"Febre reum\u00e1tica aguda (FRA) \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a inflamat\u00f3ria sist\u00eamica do tecido conjuntivo que se desenvolve como uma complica\u00e7\u00e3o tardia ap\u00f3s uma infec\u00e7\u00e3o de garganta (amigdalite, faringite) causada pelo estreptococo beta-hemol\u00edtico do grupo A (EBHGA).\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/febre-reumatica\/\">febre reum\u00e1tica<\/span>, que levava \u00e0 deforma\u00e7\u00e3o e fus\u00e3o dos retalhos da v\u00e1lvula. Com o desenvolvimento da medicina e a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da incid\u00eancia de reumatismo nos pa\u00edses desenvolvidos, a estrutura dos factores etiol\u00f3gicos alterou-se. No momento, a principal causa de estenose a\u00f3rtica s\u00e3o as altera\u00e7\u00f5es degenerativas da v\u00e1lvula relacionadas \u00e0 idade, como calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o e fibrose das c\u00faspides valvares. Al\u00e9m disso, aumentou o papel da <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Aterosclerose\" data-tooltip=\"A aterosclerose (do grego \u1f00\u03b8\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \npapa ou massa semiss\u00f3lida e \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 - duro) \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a cr\u00f3nica das art\u00e9rias el\u00e1sticas e musculares caracterizada pela deposi\u00e7\u00e3o e acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de l\u00edpidos (principalmente colesterol) nas paredes internas do vaso. Este processo leva \u00e0 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de placas ateroscler\u00f3ticas, que estreitam o l\u00famen do vaso, tornam as paredes arteriais mais espessas e r\u00edgidas, reduzindo a sua elasticidade.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/aterosclerose\/\">aterosclerose<\/span> no desenvolvimento da doen\u00e7a. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O aumento no n\u00famero de pacientes com EA no mundo moderno deve-se principalmente ao envelhecimento populacional, \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da mortalidade por outras doen\u00e7as e tamb\u00e9m \u00e0 melhoria e \u00e0 disponibilidade dos m\u00e9todos de diagn\u00f3stico.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/1_Aortic_valve_stenosis_rheumatic.webp\" alt=\"Estenose a\u00f3rtica reum\u00e1tica\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Estenose a\u00f3rtica reum\u00e1tica \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/dcb01001-048b-4342-a432-a6e7457cdd5e\/bd0c3f1b-4c20-4562-a70d-7fea4e320235\/afd818de-5be8-4a23-aad2-fa19caae81d5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/3D%20Model%20of%20Aortic%20Valve%20Stenosis%202.webp\" alt=\"Estenose a\u00f3rtica degenerativa\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Estenose a\u00f3rtica degenerativa \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/dcb01001-048b-4342-a432-a6e7457cdd5e\/bd0c3f1b-4c20-4562-a70d-7fea4e320235\/d6dd2d20-d673-42bf-ab3d-68b273702d2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"etiologia\">Etiologia<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Altera\u00e7\u00f5es degenerativas:<\/strong> calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o das c\u00faspides valvares relacionada \u00e0 idade, levando ao seu espessamento e \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da mobilidade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anomalias cong\u00eanitas:<\/strong> v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica bic\u00faspide, que predisp\u00f5e ao desenvolvimento precoce de calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o e, portanto, \u00e0 EA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Febre reum\u00e1tica:<\/strong> leva \u00e0 fus\u00e3o das c\u00faspides valvares e \u00e0 sua deforma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Menos comumente, a EA pode estar associada a condi\u00e7\u00f5es como insufici\u00eancia renal cr\u00f4nica, s\u00edndrome carcin\u00f3ide, doen\u00e7a de Paget e l\u00fapus eritematoso disseminado.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacao-3d-desenvolvimento-da-estenose-aortica\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/Firstchap1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 desenvolvimento da estenose a\u00f3rtica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fisiopatologia\">Fisiopatologia<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O estreitamento da abertura valvar aumenta a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 eje\u00e7\u00e3o sangu\u00ednea, o que leva ao aumento da press\u00e3o sist\u00f3lica no ventr\u00edculo esquerdo e sua <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Hipertrofia\" data-tooltip=\"Hipertrofia \u00e9 o aumento do volume de um tecido ou \u00f3rg\u00e3o devido ao aumento do tamanho das c\u00e9lulas que o constituem. Esse processo ocorre sem aumento no n\u00famero de c\u00e9lulas, sendo uma forma de adapta\u00e7\u00e3o celular em resposta ao aumento do estresse.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/hipertrofia\/\">hipertrofia<\/span> conc\u00eantrica, ou seja, ao espessamento das paredes sem aumento significativo da cavidade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A hipertrofia leva \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da complac\u00eancia (distensibilidade) do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo, prejudicando sua capacidade de relaxar na di\u00e1stole. O aumento da press\u00e3o diast\u00f3lica no ventr\u00edculo esquerdo \u00e9 transmitido para o \u00e1trio esquerdo, causando sua hipertrofia e dilata\u00e7\u00e3o. Por\u00e9m, esses mecanismos compensat\u00f3rios n\u00e3o s\u00e3o capazes de neutralizar completamente o aumento da press\u00e3o venosa nos vasos pulmonares, levando \u00e0 estagna\u00e7\u00e3o do sangue na circula\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar e podendo provocar sinais de insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nos est\u00e1gios iniciais da EA, o d\u00e9bito card\u00edaco \u00e9 mantido pelo mecanismo de Frank-Starling, segundo o qual a for\u00e7a de contra\u00e7\u00e3o do mioc\u00e1rdio aumenta \u00e0 medida que ele se distende. No entanto, com sobrecarga de press\u00e3o prolongada e hipertrofia progressiva, a capacidade de reserva do mioc\u00e1rdio se esgota, levando \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da fun\u00e7\u00e3o contr\u00e1til e ao desenvolvimento de disfun\u00e7\u00e3o sist\u00f3lica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A hipertrofia da parede do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo leva ao aumento da demanda de oxig\u00eanio do mioc\u00e1rdio, enquanto a press\u00e3o diast\u00f3lica elevada limita o suprimento sangu\u00edneo para as art\u00e9rias coron\u00e1rias, reduzindo a efici\u00eancia da sua perfus\u00e3o, o que pode levar \u00e0 isquemia mioc\u00e1rdica mesmo na aus\u00eancia de aterosclerose coron\u00e1ria.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cardiopatia descompensada leva \u00e0 dilata\u00e7\u00e3o da cavidade do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo e do anel atrioventricular esquerdo, resultando na regurgita\u00e7\u00e3o mitral. <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manifestacoes-clinicas\"><strong>Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es cl\u00ednicas<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A doen\u00e7a pode permanecer assintom\u00e1tica por um longo per\u00edodo. Com o tempo, a combina\u00e7\u00e3o das altera\u00e7\u00f5es descritas acima leva aos sintomas caracter\u00edsticos da estenose a\u00f3rtica: falta de ar, angina e desmaio.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A dispneia \u00e9 causada pela estase de sangue nas veias pulmonares.<\/li>\n<li>Angina de peito \u2013 devido a isqu\u00e9mia do mioc\u00e1rdio hipertrofiado.<\/li>\n<li>O desmaio ocorre devido \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do d\u00e9bito card\u00edaco e do fluxo sangu\u00edneo no c\u00e9rebro. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O desenvolvimento desses sintomas indica um progn\u00f3stico desfavor\u00e1vel e a necessidade de considerar o tratamento cir\u00fargico. O desenvolvimento da asma card\u00edaca, do edema dos membros inferiores e da hepatomegalia indicam que a doen\u00e7a entrou na fase de descompensa\u00e7\u00e3o e requer interven\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica imediata. <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostico\"><strong>Diagn\u00f3stico<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O ecocardiograma \u00e9 o principal m\u00e9todo de diagn\u00f3stico da EA. Avalia a anatomia da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica, o grau de calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o, a \u00e1rea do orif\u00edcio, o gradiente de press\u00e3o e a fun\u00e7\u00e3o e tamanho do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo (VE). Para a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o inicial, \u00e9 recomendado realizar o ecocardiograma transtor\u00e1cico. Quando a cocardiografia transtor\u00e1cica n\u00e3o proporciona informa\u00e7\u00f5es suficientes, \u00e9 indicado o ecocardiograma transesof\u00e1gico.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"classificacao-dos-graus-de-estenose-aortica-de-acordo-com-criterios-ecocardiograficos-ecocardiografia\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos graus de estenose a\u00f3rtica de acordo com crit\u00e9rios ecocardiogr\u00e1ficos (ecocardiografia)<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Par\u00e2metro<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">EA leve<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">EA moderada<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">EA grave<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">EA cr\u00edtica<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Velocidade de pico <br \/>(m\/s)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">< 3,0<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">3,0\u20133,9<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2265 4,0<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2265 5,0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Gradiente m\u00e9dio <br \/>(mmHg)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">< 20<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20\u201339<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2265 40<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2265 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u00c1rea valvar (cm\u00b2)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">> 1,5<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1,0\u20131,5<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2264 1,0<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2264 0,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u00cdndice da \u00e1rea valvar <br \/>(cm\u00b2\/m\u00b2)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">> 0,85<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0,6\u20130,85<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2264 0,6<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2264 0,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os seguintes par\u00e2metros s\u00e3o utilizados para avaliar a gravidade do SAC:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Velocidade de pico do fluxo na v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica (Vmax):<\/strong> o valor \u2265 4,0 m\/s indica a EA grave;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gradiente de press\u00e3o m\u00e9dio atrav\u00e9s da v\u00e1lvula (\u0394Pm):<\/strong> o valor \u2265 40 mmHg. p. SAC grave sintom\u00e1tica;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c1rea do orif\u00edcio valvar:<\/strong> o valor \u2264 1,0 cm\u00b2 ou \u2264 0,6 cm\u00b2\/m\u00b2 de superf\u00edcie corporal indica a SA grave.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em casos de baixo d\u00e9bito card\u00edaco e fra\u00e7\u00e3o de eje\u00e7\u00e3o do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo reduzida (< 50%), \u00e9 recomendado realizar o ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina para diferenciar a verdadeira SA grave da SA pseudo grave. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"RM (Resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica)\" data-tooltip=\"A resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica (RM) \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica de imagem moderna n\u00e3o invasiva que produz imagens em camadas altamente detalhadas de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. O m\u00e9todo baseia-se no fen\u00f3meno da resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica nuclear. A principal vantagem da RM \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/rm\/\">RM<\/span> \/ <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Tomografia computorizada\" data-tooltip=\"A tomografia computadorizada \u00e9 um exame de imagem que usa raios X para obter imagens transversais (cortes) de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. \u00c9 uma das principais t\u00e9cnicas de imagem da medicina moderna, com elevado n\u00edvel de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de informa\u00e7\u00e3o.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/tc-tomografia-computadorizada\/\">TC<\/span> podem ser usadas como m\u00e9todo diagn\u00f3stico adicional, inclusive para escolher a abordagem cir\u00fargica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A angiotomografia \u00e9 o padr\u00e3o ouro para exames de imagem antes do implante transcateter de v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica (TAVI). Ela permite avaliar a anatomia da raiz da aorta e da regi\u00e3o ascendente da aorta, o grau e a extens\u00e3o da calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o valvar e vascular, o risco de obstru\u00e7\u00e3o das art\u00e9rias coron\u00e1rias e as op\u00e7\u00f5es de acesso vascular.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A RM permite detectar e quantificar a fibrose mioc\u00e1rdica, que serve como sinal de descompensa\u00e7\u00e3o da estenose a\u00f3rtica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A determina\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis de pept\u00eddeo natriur\u00e9tico cerebral (BNP) ou de seu precursor (NT-proBNP) pode ser \u00fatil para a estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o de risco em pacientes com EA. N\u00edveis elevados destes marcadores est\u00e3o associados a um pior progn\u00f3stico e podem constituir um argumento adicional a favor da interven\u00e7\u00e3o em doentes assintom\u00e1ticos.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratamento-da-estenose-aortica\"><strong>Tratamento da estenose a\u00f3rtica<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos fatores de risco pode ajudar a retardar a progress\u00e3o da EA e reduzir o risco de complica\u00e7\u00f5es: controle da press\u00e3o arterial, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00edveis normais de lip\u00eddios no sangue por meio de dieta e dos hipolipemiantes, cessa\u00e7\u00e3o completa do tabagismo, controle rigoroso da glicemia e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de peso saud\u00e1vel por meio de uma dieta equilibrada e atividades f\u00edsicas regulares.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"terapia-medicamentosa\">Terapia medicamentosa<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atualmente, n\u00e3o existem medicamentos que possam retardar a progress\u00e3o da SAC. No entanto, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser \u00fatil para o controle dos sintomas e das condi\u00e7\u00f5es associadas: diur\u00e9ticos (para reduzir a congest\u00e3o pulmonar na presen\u00e7a de insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca), betabloqueadores (para controlar a frequ\u00eancia card\u00edaca e a press\u00e3o arterial, especialmente na presen\u00e7a de cardiopatia isqu\u00e9mica), IECAs ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (na presen\u00e7a de insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca ou hipertens\u00e3o arterial). \u00c9 importante notar que a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o destes f\u00e1rmacos requer precau\u00e7\u00e3o, uma vez que a redu\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva da PA pode piorar a perfus\u00e3o de \u00f3rg\u00e3os em doentes com SAC grave.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A substitui\u00e7\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica \u00e9 indicada nos casos a seguir:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>EA grave sintom\u00e1tica<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>EA grave assintom\u00e1tica<\/strong> (na presen\u00e7a de disfun\u00e7\u00e3o sist\u00f3lica do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo (fra\u00e7\u00e3o de eje\u00e7\u00e3o < 50%) ou teste ergom\u00e9trico positivo).<\/li>\n<li><strong>EA muito grave<\/strong> (gradiente m\u00e9dio \u2265 60 mmHg p. ou velocidade de pico > 5,0 m\/s);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pida do estado do paciente<\/strong> ou aumento acentuado da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o da BNP no sangue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O implante transcateter de v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica (TAVI) \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica minimamente invasiva para substitui\u00e7\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica. O acesso arterial transfemoral \u00e9 o mais utilizado. No entanto, nos casos em que as art\u00e9rias femorais s\u00e3o demasiado estreitas, tortuosas ou afectadas por aterosclerose, podem ser utilizadas formas alternativas de inser\u00e7\u00e3o do cateter: acesso transapical \u2013 atrav\u00e9s do \u00e1pice do VE, acesso transa\u00f3rtico \u2013 atrav\u00e9s da aorta ascendente, acesso transclavicular \u2013 atrav\u00e9s da art\u00e9ria subcl\u00e1via. S\u00e3o utilizadas as v\u00e1lvulas bal\u00e3o-expans\u00edveis e autoexpans\u00edveis. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O TAVI deve ser a op\u00e7\u00e3o preferida para pacientes com 75 anos ou mais e\/ou com alto risco cir\u00fargico (EuroSCORE II > 8%) e\/ou quando a cirurgia aberta n\u00e3o for poss\u00edvel devido a doen\u00e7as concomitantes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contraindica\u00e7\u00f5es para TAVI: <\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Impossibilidade de aceder \u00e0 v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica atrav\u00e9s dos vasos (em caso de aterosclerose grave ou di\u00e2metro arterial reduzido);<\/li>\n<li>Anatomia desfavor\u00e1vel da v\u00e1lvula ou da aorta que torne o procedimento tecnicamente invi\u00e1vel;<\/li>\n<li>Esperan\u00e7a de vida inferior a 1 ano ou aus\u00eancia de melhoria da qualidade de vida ap\u00f3s o procedimento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacao-3d-implante-transcateter-de-valvula-aortica\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20stenosis\/Sec.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 implante transcateter de v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Encontra mais conte\u00fados cientificamente exactos nas nossas redes sociais<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Subscreve e n\u00e3o percas os recursos mais recentes<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"banner-icons-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"substituicao-cirurgica-da-valvula-aortica-savr\"><strong>Substitui\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica<\/strong> (SAVR)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A substitui\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica por cirurgia aberta continua a ser o padr\u00e3o de tratamento para muitos pacientes. Pode ser efectuada a implanta\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1lvulas mec\u00e2nicas ou biol\u00f3gicas. A opera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 efectuada sob circula\u00e7\u00e3o artificial. Dependendo das carater\u00edsticas anat\u00f3micas, pode ser realizada a partir de uma esternotomia completa, mininotomia, minitoracotomia anterior direita.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contraindica\u00e7\u00f5es para SAVR: alto risco cir\u00fargico ou presen\u00e7a de doen\u00e7as concomitantes que tornem o procedimento inseguro.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacao-3d-substituicao-da-valvula-aortica\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Aortic%20valve%20insufficiency\/AVR_Wiki_sound.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 substitui\u00e7\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. O que causa a estenose a\u00f3rtica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Os cen\u00e1rios mais comuns s\u00e3o: <br \/>\u2022 Altera\u00e7\u00f5es degenerativas relacionadas \u00e0 idade.<br \/>\u2022 V\u00e1lvula bic\u00faspide cong\u00eanita. <br \/>\u2022 Sequelas da febre reum\u00e1tica.<br \/>Em casos mais raros, pode estar associada a condi\u00e7\u00f5es como insufici\u00eancia renal cr\u00f4nica, s\u00edndrome carcinoide, doen\u00e7a de Paget e l\u00fapus eritematoso disseminado.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. Quais s\u00e3o os achados da ausculta caracter\u00edsticos da estenose a\u00f3rtica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A ausculta revela:<br \/>\u2022 Um sopro sist\u00f3lico intenso (m\u00e1ximo no 2\u00ba espa\u00e7o intercostal \u00e0 direita, irradiando para os vasos do pesco\u00e7o). <br \/>\u2022 Diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do 2\u00ba som card\u00edaco (devido \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o da mobilidade das c\u00faspides). <br \/>\u2022 Desdobramento paradoxal do 2\u00ba som card\u00edaco (na EA grave).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. Como a hemodin\u00e2mica se altera na estenose a\u00f3rtica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">\u2022 Estenose a\u00f3rtica \u2192 Aumento da press\u00e3o do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo \u2192 Hipertrofia conc\u00eantrica do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo \u2192 Diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da complac\u00eancia do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo \u2192 Aumento da press\u00e3o no \u00e1trio esquerdo \u2192 Congest\u00e3o venosa pulmonar. <br \/>\u2022 Demanda elevada de oxig\u00eanio do mioc\u00e1rdio + perfus\u00e3o coron\u00e1ria prejudicada \u2192 Isquemia mioc\u00e1rdica. <br \/>\u2022 Com a progress\u00e3o \u2192 Disfun\u00e7\u00e3o sist\u00f3lica \u2192 Dilata\u00e7\u00e3o do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo e regurgita\u00e7\u00e3o mitral \u2192 Insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. Quais s\u00e3o as queixas t\u00edpicas em pacientes com estenose a\u00f3rtica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Uma \u201ctr\u00edade\u201d t\u00edpica de sintomas \u00e9: <br \/>1. Dispneia (devido \u00e0 congest\u00e3o pulmonar). <br \/>2. Angina (isquemia do mioc\u00e1rdio hipertrofiado). <br \/>3. Desmaio (durante esfor\u00e7o f\u00edsico). <br \/>Fadiga, fraqueza e tontura (devido \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o do d\u00e9bito card\u00edaco) tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o observadas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">5. Qual a diferen\u00e7a entre o TAVI e a cirurgia?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">O TAVI n\u00e3o requer incis\u00e3o no t\u00f3rax, mas tem indica\u00e7\u00f5es limitadas. A cirurgia aberta de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica \u00e9 o padr\u00e3o de tratamento, com baixo risco cir\u00fargico.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"referencias\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">Refer\u00eancias<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology \u2013 Complete Anatomy and Pathology 3D Atlas (VOKA 3D Anatomia e Patologia \u2013 Atlas 3D completo de anatomia e patologia) [Internet]. VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology [VOKA 3D Anatomia & Patologia]. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Available from: https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al.; ESC\/EACTS Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 12;43(7):561\u2013632. doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Chen J, et al. Burden of valvular heart disease, 1990\u20132017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. J Glob Health. 2020 Sep 8;10(2):020404. doi:10.7189\/jogh.10.020404.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Joseph J, Naqvi SY, Giri J, Goldberg S. Aortic stenosis: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Am J Med. 2017 Mar;130(3):253\u2013263. doi:10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.10.005.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Zheng KH, Tzolos E, Dweck MR. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis and future perspectives for medical therapy. Cardiol Clin. 2020 Feb;38(1):1\u201312. doi:10.1016\/j.ccl.2019.09.010.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Kanwar A, Thaden JJ, Nkomo VT. Management of patients with aortic valve stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 Apr;93(4):488\u2013508. doi:10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.01.020.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Howard C, Jullian L, Joshi M, Noshirwani A, Bashir M, Harky A. TAVI and the future of aortic valve replacement. J Card Surg. 2019 Dec;34(12):1577\u20131590. doi:10.1111\/jocs.14226.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Estenose a\u00f3rtica (EA) \u00e9 uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o card\u00edaca em que a v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica fica estreita, obstruindo o fluxo sangu\u00edneo normal do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo. Epidemiologia A estenose da v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica ocupa a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de lideran\u00e7a na estrutura de morbilidade de todas as patologias das v\u00e1lvulas card\u00edacas. A preval\u00eancia da EA aumenta significativamente com a idade: na faixa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[293],"class_list":["post-887","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-cardiologia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Estenose a\u00f3rtica: sintomas, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, gravidade, quadro cl\u00ednico, tratamento<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Estenose a\u00f3rtica \u00e9 uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o card\u00edaca em que a v\u00e1lvula a\u00f3rtica fica estreita, obstruindo o fluxo sangu\u00edneo normal do ventr\u00edculo esquerdo. 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