{"id":883,"date":"2025-05-27T18:49:19","date_gmt":"2025-05-27T15:49:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/infektsionnyy-endokardit\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T10:01:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T07:01:49","slug":"endocardite-infecciosa","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/doencas\/cardiologia\/endocardite-infecciosa\/","title":{"rendered":"Endocardite infecciosa: Etiologia, patog\u00e9nese, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, diagn\u00f3stico, m\u00e9todos de tratamento"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A endocardite infecciosa (EI) \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a potencialmente fatal associada \u00e0 inflama\u00e7\u00e3o do endoc\u00e1rdio, predominantemente do aparelho valvular do cora\u00e7\u00e3o, causada pela invas\u00e3o microbiana. Apesar do desenvolvimento da terapia antibi\u00f3tica e das modernas t\u00e9cnicas de imagiologia, a taxa de mortalidade permanece elevada.<\/p>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a2882742a1fa\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/1-Infective%20endocarditis%20of%20the%20left%20heart%20(61)%20BG%2BPlashki%2BLogo%2Bsound_1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 endocardite infecciosa do lado esquerdo do cora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/2-Infective%20endocarditis%20of%20the%20right%20heart%20(62)%20BG%2BPlashki%2BLogo%2BSound_1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 endocardite infecciosa do lado direito do cora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a2882742a1fa\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a2882742a1fa\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 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4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a2882742a1fa', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a2882742a1fa',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a2882742a1fa',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a2882742a1fa',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"epidemiologia\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Epidemiologia<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A frequ\u00eancia da endocardite infecciosa varia de 3 a 15 casos por 100.000 habitantes por ano. A incid\u00eancia aumenta com a idade: o pico ocorre em pessoas com mais de 60 anos, associado ao ac\u00famulo de fatores de risco, como pr\u00f3teses valvulares, implantes card\u00edacos, doen\u00e7as cr\u00f4nicas e interven\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas frequentes. Os homens t\u00eam cerca de duas vezes mais probabilidades de ter a doen\u00e7a do que as mulheres.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, houve uma mudan\u00e7a no perfil epidemiol\u00f3gico: em vez de pacientes com defeitos card\u00edacos reum\u00e1ticos e usu\u00e1rios de drogas injet\u00e1veis, agora predominam pacientes idosos, frequentemente com v\u00e1lvulas implantadas, pr\u00f3teses e marcapassos.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"etiologia\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etiologia<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e1rios microorganismos podem ser a causa do EI.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> \u2014 l\u00edder em frequ\u00eancia, especialmente na EI hospitalar e em dependentes qu\u00edmicos.<\/li>\n<li><em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em> \u2014 agentes patog\u00eanicos cl\u00e1ssicos em les\u00f5es de v\u00e1lvulas nativas em pacientes sem fatores de risco \u00f3bvios.<\/li>\n<li><em>Enterococcus spp.<\/em> \u2013 significativa em doentes idosos, frequentemente associada a interven\u00e7\u00f5es urogenitais.<\/li>\n<li>Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos s\u00e3o agentes causais frequentes em infec\u00e7\u00f5es de v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas.<\/li>\n<li>Grupo HACEK, fungos, bacilos gram-negativos e outros \u2014 ocorrem com menos frequ\u00eancia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os factores de risco incluem a presen\u00e7a de v\u00e1lvulas artificiais, pacemakers, EI anterior, defeitos card\u00edacos, uso de drogas intravenosas e hemodi\u00e1lise cr\u00f3nica.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"patogenese\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Patog\u00eanese<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A patog\u00e9nese da endocardite infecciosa envolve v\u00e1rias liga\u00e7\u00f5es consecutivas:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Danos ao endot\u00e9lio das v\u00e1lvulas<\/strong> (por exemplo, por fluxo sangu\u00edneo turbulento) \u2192 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o da matriz extracelular.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ades\u00e3o de plaquetas e fibrina<\/strong> \u2192 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de trombo est\u00e9ril (endocardite tromb\u00f3tica n\u00e3o bacteriana).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Invas\u00e3o microbiana<\/strong> \u2014 em bacteriemia transit\u00f3ria, os microorganismos colonizam o trombo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Forma\u00e7\u00e3o de vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong> \u2014 aglomerados densos de fibrina, c\u00e9lulas inflamat\u00f3rias e bact\u00e9rias protegidas da resposta imunol\u00f3gica e dos antibi\u00f3ticos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destrui\u00e7\u00e3o das estruturas valvulares e poss\u00edvel <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o\" data-tooltip=\"A emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um procedimento endovascular minimamente invasivo em que o m\u00e9dico bloqueie (oclui) um vaso sangu\u00edneo por meio de inje\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais especiais \u2014 agentes emb\u00f3licos \u2014 em seu l\u00famen.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/embolizacao\/\">emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong> \u2192 complica\u00e7\u00f5es sist\u00eamicas, sepse, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca aguda. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os mecanismos imunit\u00e1rios tamb\u00e9m contribuem para o desenvolvimento de complica\u00e7\u00f5es como a vasculite e a glomerulonefrite.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O passo fundamental \u00e9 a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es que promovem a persist\u00eancia da infe\u00e7\u00e3o e o desenvolvimento de complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/1-Vegetations_on_the_mitral_valve.webp\" alt=\"Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es na v\u00e1lvula mitral\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es na v\u00e1lvula mitral<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/2-Perforation_of_the_tricuspid_valve_leaflet.webp\" alt=\"Perfura\u00e7\u00e3o do folheto da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Perfura\u00e7\u00e3o do folheto da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"classificacao-da-endocardite-infecciosa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o da endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>De acordo com a localiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite do lado esquerdo<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Comprometimento da v\u00e1lvula mitral e\/ou a\u00f3rtica (a variante mais comum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite do lado direito<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Comprometimento da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide e\/ou (raramente) pulmonar (mais comum em usu\u00e1rios de drogas injet\u00e1veis, pacientes com cateter venoso central)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite combinada<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Comprometimento simult\u00e2neo dos lados direito e esquerdo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite prot\u00e9sica<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o em pr\u00f3teses valvulares mec\u00e2nicas ou biol\u00f3gicas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite de dispositivos<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Infec\u00e7\u00e3o associada a eletrodos de marcapassos, desfibriladores implant\u00e1veis, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Por etiologia (agente causador)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Cocos gram-positivos<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, estafilococos coagulase-negativos, <em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Bact\u00e9rias gram-negativas<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Grupo HACEK, outras enterobact\u00e9rias<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">At\u00edpicas \/ obrigatoriamente intracelulares<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><em>Coxiella burnetii<\/em>, <em>Bartonella spp.<\/em>, <em>Tropheryma whipplei<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Fungos<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><em>Candida spp.<\/em>, <em>Aspergillus spp.<\/em> (raros, mais comuns em imunocomprometidos)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>De acordo com a apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00ednica<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite aguda<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">In\u00edcio: s\u00fabito<br \/>Curso: r\u00e1pido, agressivo<br \/>Pat\u00f3genos (comum): <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, estreptococos beta-hemol\u00edticos<br \/>Caracter\u00edsticas: destrui\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pida das v\u00e1lvulas, sepse, alta mortalidade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite subaguda<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">In\u00edcio: gradual (semanas)<br \/>Curso: let\u00e1rgico, com sintomas indefinidos<br \/>Pat\u00f3genos (comum): <em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>. <br \/>Caracter\u00edsticas: anemia, febre baixa, manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es imunol\u00f3gicas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite cr\u00f4nica<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">In\u00edcio: longo (meses)<br \/>Curso: oculto ou recorrente<br \/>Pat\u00f3genos (comum): bact\u00e9rias de baixa virul\u00eancia, formas cultura-negativas<br \/>Caracter\u00edsticas: inflama\u00e7\u00e3o prolongada, altera\u00e7\u00f5es valvulares persistentes, poss\u00edvel recorr\u00eancia ap\u00f3s o tratamento<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/3-Infective_endocarditis_of_the_left_ventricles_(vegetations_on_the_valves-and_mitro-aortic_junction).webp\" alt=\"Endocardite infecciosa esquerda (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es nas v\u00e1lvulas e conex\u00e3o mitro-a\u00f3rtica)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Endocardite infecciosa esquerda (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es nas v\u00e1lvulas e conex\u00e3o mitro-a\u00f3rtica) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/982d1394-9046-49c1-a896-2da7012969bf\/7546a2f1-29a9-499f-b40d-862a113b087e\/088c7cec-04a4-48ca-a769-a9fe47ff8aa1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/4-Infective_endocarditis_of_the_right_(vegetations_and_perforation_on_the_tricuspid_valve).webp\" alt=\"Endocardite infecciosa direita (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es e perfura\u00e7\u00e3o na v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Endocardite infecciosa direita (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es e perfura\u00e7\u00e3o na v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/982d1394-9046-49c1-a896-2da7012969bf\/7546a2f1-29a9-499f-b40d-862a113b087e\/68b9782f-6c85-4ffa-812f-7f53628e0416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"manifestacoes-clinicas\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es cl\u00ednicas<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sintomatologia da EI \u00e9 vari\u00e1vel e pode incluir desde sintomas inespec\u00edficos at\u00e9 condi\u00e7\u00f5es que amea\u00e7am a vida.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sintomas gerais<\/strong>: febre, suor, fadiga, perda de peso.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sinais card\u00edacos<\/strong>: novo ou alterado sopro, sinais de insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas<\/strong>: acidente vascular cerebral, isquemia de membros, infartos de \u00f3rg\u00e3os internos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es imunol\u00f3gicas<\/strong>: p\u00farpura, n\u00f3dulos de Osler, manchas de Janeway, glomerulonefrite.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comprometimento do sistema de condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>: bloqueios, arritmias.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o grave da EI<\/strong> pode ocorrer choque s\u00e9ptico e fal\u00eancia de m\u00faltiplos \u00f3rg\u00e3os.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Na endocardite prot\u00e9tica<\/strong>, os sopros auscultat\u00f3rios podem ser menos pronunciados, infec\u00e7\u00e3o perianular desenvolve-se mais comumente \u2014 abscessos, pseudoaneurismas, f\u00edstulas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"diagnostico-de-endocardite-infecciosa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagn\u00f3stico de endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"metodos-laboratoriais\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e9todos laboratoriais:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>An\u00e1lise geral do sangue: <\/strong>anemia normoc\u00edtica, leucocitose, trombocitopenia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>VHS, CRP<\/strong>: significativamente elevados.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Procalcitonina<\/strong>: pode estar moderadamente elevada.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Achados renais<\/strong>: eleva\u00e7\u00e3o da creatinina (glomerulonefrite, embolia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hemoculturas<\/strong>: pelo menos tr\u00eas amostras com intervalo de pelo menos 30 minutos antes de iniciar antibi\u00f3ticos (at\u00e9 95 % de sensibilidade).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serologia\/PCR<\/strong>: para EI negativo para cultura (<em>Bartonella<\/em>, <em>Coxiella<\/em>, <em>Brucella<\/em> e outros).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"metodos-instrumentais\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e9todos instrumentais:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ecocardiografia <\/strong>(a ecocardiografia transesof\u00e1gica \u00e9 prefer\u00edvel \u00e0 transtor\u00e1cica): identifica vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es, <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Abscesso\" data-tooltip=\"Um abcesso \u00e9 uma acumula\u00e7\u00e3o localizada de pus, limitada por uma c\u00e1psula e resultante de uma inflama\u00e7\u00e3o purulenta dos tecidos. Caracteriza-se pela presen\u00e7a de uma membrana piog\u00e9nica, que isola o foco dos tecidos saud\u00e1veis e impede a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o da infe\u00e7\u00e3o. \" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/abscesso\/\">abcessos<\/span>, pseudoaneurismas, perfura\u00e7\u00f5es, disfun\u00e7\u00e3o prot\u00e9tica. A sensibilidade da ecocardiografia transesof\u00e1gica \u00e9 superior a 90%.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Tomografia computorizada\" data-tooltip=\"A tomografia computadorizada \u00e9 um exame de imagem que usa raios X para obter imagens transversais (cortes) de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. \u00c9 uma das principais t\u00e9cnicas de imagem da medicina moderna, com elevado n\u00edvel de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de informa\u00e7\u00e3o.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/tc-tomografia-computadorizada\/\">TC<\/span>:<\/strong> permite a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de abcessos, pseudoaneurismas, embolias e complica\u00e7\u00f5es da endocardite infecciosa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PET-CT:<\/strong> detecta \u00e1reas de inflama\u00e7\u00e3o ativa e infe\u00e7\u00e3o; particularmente valiosa na endocardite prot\u00e9sica e na presen\u00e7a de dispositivos.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"RM (Resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica)\" data-tooltip=\"A resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica (RM) \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica de imagem moderna n\u00e3o invasiva que produz imagens em camadas altamente detalhadas de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. O m\u00e9todo baseia-se no fen\u00f3meno da resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica nuclear. A principal vantagem da RM \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/rm\/\">Resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica<\/span> cerebral:<\/strong> frequente detec\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00faltiplos \u00eambolos, mesmo na aus\u00eancia de sintomas neurol\u00f3gicos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"criterios-da-duke\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crit\u00e9rios da Duke<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os crit\u00e9rios de Duke s\u00e3o um esquema de diagn\u00f3stico internacionalmente aceite para a endocardite infecciosa, integrando achados cl\u00ednicos, microbiol\u00f3gicos e de imagiologia.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A probabilidade de teres EI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Confi\u00e1veis: dois crit\u00e9rios principais de Duke; ou um principal e tr\u00eas secund\u00e1rios; ou cinco secund\u00e1rios.<\/li>\n<li>Poss\u00edvel: um principal e um ou dois secund\u00e1rios; ou tr\u00eas secund\u00e1rios.<\/li>\n<li>Exclu\u00eddo: presen\u00e7a de diagn\u00f3stico alternativo; aus\u00eancia de confirma\u00e7\u00e3o na aut\u00f3psia; ou resolu\u00e7\u00e3o completa dos sintomas sem tratamento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Crit\u00e9rios principais (major criteria)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hemocultura positiva (uma das seguintes op\u00e7\u00f5es): <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dois ou mais cultivos sangu\u00edneos positivos para microrganismos t\u00edpicos (por exemplo, <em>S. aureus<\/em>, <em>S. viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>.) de amostras diferentes;<\/li>\n<li>hemocultura persistentemente positiva: dois ou mais amostras positivas com intervalo de pelo menos 12 horas;<\/li>\n<li>tr\u00eas ou mais hemoculturas positivas de quatro, colhidas em um intervalo de uma hora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Evid\u00eancia de uma les\u00e3o endoc\u00e1rdica:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dados positivos da ecocardiografia (transesof\u00e1gica ou transtor\u00e1cica): vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, abcesso, pseudoaneurisma, perfura\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/li>\n<li>uma nova ocorr\u00eancia de falha da v\u00e1lvula (insufici\u00eancia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Crit\u00e9rios alternativos (ESC 2023):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pET-CT ou SPECT positivos por suspeita de EI prot\u00e9sica;<\/li>\n<li>cultura positiva de material intra-operat\u00f3rio da v\u00e1lvula.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Crit\u00e9rios menores (minor criteria)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Doen\u00e7a card\u00edaca predisponente ou administra\u00e7\u00e3o de medicamentos por via intravenosa.<\/li>\n<li>Febre 38 \u00b0C ou superior.<\/li>\n<li>Fen\u00f3menos vasculares: \u00eambolos, enfartes, hemorragias, manchas de Janway.<\/li>\n<li>Fen\u00f3menos imunol\u00f3gicos: n\u00f3dulos de Osler, manchas de Roth, glomerulonefrite, fator reumatoide.<\/li>\n<li>Achados microbiol\u00f3gicos que n\u00e3o cumprem os crit\u00e9rios b\u00e1sicos: uma \u00fanica hemocultura positiva ou confirma\u00e7\u00e3o serol\u00f3gica de infe\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica de EI.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Encontra mais conte\u00fados cientificamente exactos nas nossas redes sociais<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Subscreve e n\u00e3o percas os recursos mais recentes<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"social-links-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"tratamento-da-endocardite-infecciosa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tratamento da endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"modificacao-dos-factores-de-risco\">Modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos factores de risco<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remo\u00e7\u00e3o\/substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de dispositivos e cateteres infectados.<\/li>\n<li>Higieniza\u00e7\u00e3o dos focos de infe\u00e7\u00e3o (dentes, pele).<\/li>\n<li>Limita os procedimentos invasivos desnecess\u00e1rios.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"terapia-medicamentosa\">Terapia medicamentosa<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Princ\u00edpios:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>doses elevadas de antibi\u00f3ticos bactericidas;<\/li>\n<li>terapia prolongada (geralmente 4-6 semanas);<\/li>\n<li>considera\u00e7\u00e3o da CIM (concentra\u00e7\u00e3o inibit\u00f3ria m\u00ednima);<\/li>\n<li>abordagem individualizada em pr\u00f3teses, abcessos e estirpes resistentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemplos de regimes (segundo o CES 2023):<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> (meticilina-sens\u00edvel, MSSA): oxacilina \/ nafcilina + gentamicina (na primeira semana); na endocardite prot\u00e9sica \u2014 acrescenta-se rifampicina;<\/li>\n<li><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> (meticilina-resistente, MRSA): vancomicina; na endocardite prot\u00e9sica \u2014 acrescenta-se rifampicina;<\/li>\n<li><em>Streptococcus spp<\/em>: penicilina G ou ceftriaxona \u00b1 gentamicina;<\/li>\n<li><em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>: ampicilina + gentamicina ou ampicilina + ceftriaxona (em resist\u00eancia elevada \u00e0 gentamicina).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratamento-cirurgico\">Tratamento cir\u00fargico<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indica\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca devido a disfun\u00e7\u00e3o valvular (regurgita\u00e7\u00e3o valvular aguda grave);<\/li>\n<li>infec\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o controlada (abcesso, perfura\u00e7\u00e3o, pseudoaneurisma, bacteriemia persistente por mais de 7 dias, apesar de antibioticoterapia adequada);<\/li>\n<li>\u00eambolos repetidos ou grandes vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es c epis\u00f3dio de embolia (>10 mm), vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es >15 mm, especialmente na endocardite infecciosa do lado esquerdo, mesmo sem embolia;<\/li>\n<li>endocardite prot\u00e9sica;<\/li>\n<li>endocardite infecciosa f\u00fangica, ou causada por microrganismos altamente resistentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contra-indica\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>estado geral descompensado, fal\u00eancia de v\u00e1rios \u00f3rg\u00e3os;<\/li>\n<li>acidente vascular cerebral maci\u00e7o recente com componente hemorr\u00e1gico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tipos de opera\u00e7\u00f5es <\/strong>(na grande maioria dos casos, as opera\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o realizadas sob circula\u00e7\u00e3o extracorp\u00f3rea):<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>substitui\u00e7\u00e3o (pr\u00f3tese) da v\u00e1lvula afetada;<\/li>\n<li>remo\u00e7\u00e3o de vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es, saneamento de abcessos;<\/li>\n<li>interven\u00e7\u00f5es reconstrutivas (pl\u00e1stica de valvulas, an\u00e9is valvulares, raiz da aorta); se a raiz da aorta estiver envolvida, pode ser necess\u00e1ria a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o por um conduto (pr\u00f3tese vascular artificial com v\u00e1lvula artificial) ou por um homoenxerto (v\u00e1lvula de doador humano com se\u00e7\u00e3o da aorta ascendente);<\/li>\n<li>remo\u00e7\u00e3o de dispositivos infectados: se os eletrodos ou o marcapasso estiverem envolvidos, \u00e9 indicado remover todo o sistema; na endocardite associada a TAVI, a cirurgia frequentemente est\u00e1 associada a alta mortalidade, mas \u00e9 indicada quando a terapia n\u00e3o \u00e9 eficaz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. O que \u00e9 endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a inflamat\u00f3ria do revestimento interno do cora\u00e7\u00e3o (endoc\u00e1rdio), mais comumente envolvendo as v\u00e1lvulas, causada por infec\u00e7\u00e3o bacteriana ou f\u00fangica.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. Quais s\u00e3o os sintomas mais caracter\u00edsticos da endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Os sintomas mais comuns: febre, calafrios, fraqueza, sopros card\u00edacos, perda de peso. Poss\u00edveis complica\u00e7\u00f5es: acidentes vasculares cerebrais, \u00eambolos, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. Quais bact\u00e9rias comumente causam endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Os pat\u00f3genos mais comuns s\u00e3o: <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus spp.<\/em> Em indiv\u00edduos com pr\u00f3teses ou dispositivos intravasculares, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/em> \u00e9 frequentemente encontrado.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. O qu\u00e3o perigosa \u00e9 a endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A endocardite infecciosa pode levar \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o das v\u00e1lvulas, \u00e0 insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca, a complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas (acidentes vasculares cerebrais, infartos de \u00f3rg\u00e3os), a abcessos e sepse. A mortalidade chega a 20%\u201330%.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">5. \u00c9 poss\u00edvel curar a endocardite infecciosa sem cirurgia?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Sim, em alguns casos \u2014 especialmente com v\u00e1lvulas nativas e microrganismos sens\u00edveis \u2014 \u00e9 poss\u00edvel uma cura completa com antibi\u00f3ticos. No entanto, em caso de complica\u00e7\u00f5es, pode ser necess\u00e1ria uma cirurgia.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">6. Quando \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio realizar cirurgia para endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A cirurgia \u00e9 indicada em caso de: <br \/>\u2022 insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca devido a disfun\u00e7\u00e3o valvular; <br \/>\u2022 abcessos, rupturas, perfura\u00e7\u00f5es; <br \/>\u2022 terapia antibi\u00f3tica ineficaz; <br \/>\u2022 infec\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00fangica; <br \/>\u2022 \u00eambolos recorrentes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">7. Quanto tempo dura o tratamento com antibi\u00f3ticos?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A dura\u00e7\u00e3o do tratamento geralmente \u00e9 de 4 a 6 semanas, dependendo do pat\u00f3geno, tipo de v\u00e1lvula (nativa ou prot\u00e9tica) e complica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">8. \u00c9 poss\u00edvel prevenir a endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Sim, em pacientes de risco (por exemplo, com pr\u00f3teses valvulares) recomenda-se profilaxia antibi\u00f3tica antes de certos procedimentos dent\u00e1rios ou cir\u00fargicos.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">9. Quem est\u00e1 no grupo de alto risco de endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Indiv\u00edduos com v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9ticas, marcapassos, endocardite infecciosa anterior, defeitos cong\u00eanitos do cora\u00e7\u00e3o, bem como pacientes em di\u00e1lise ou usu\u00e1rios de drogas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"referencias\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">Refer\u00eancias<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology \u2013 Complete Anatomy and Pathology 3D Atlas (VOKA 3D Anatomia e Patologia \u2013 Atlas 3D completo de anatomia e patologia) [Internet]. VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology [VOKA 3D Anatomia & Patologia]. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):3948\u20134042. doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Li M, Kim JB, Sastry BKS, Chen M. Endocardite infecciosa. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):377\u2013392. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01098-5.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Rajani R, Klein JL. Endocardite infecciosa: uma atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o contempor\u00e2nea. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Jan;20(1):31\u201335. doi:10.7861\/clinmed.cme.20.1.1. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Wang A, Gaca JG, Chu VH. Considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o manejo da endocardite infecciosa: uma revis\u00e3o. JAMA. 2018 Jul 3;320(1):72\u201383. doi:10.1001\/jama.2018.7596. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ, et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Endocardite infecciosa em adultos: diagn\u00f3stico, terapia antimicrobiana e manejo de complica\u00e7\u00f5es: uma declara\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica para profissionais de sa\u00fade da American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1435\u20131486. doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000296. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Iung B. Endocardite infecciosa: epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e histopatologia. Presse Med. 2019 May;48(5):513\u2013521. doi:10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.04.009. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Chambers HF, Bayer AS. Endocardite infecciosa em v\u00e1lvulas nativas. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):567\u2013576. doi:10.1056\/NEJMcp2000400. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">9.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Jain A, Subramani S, Gebhardt B, Hauser J, Bailey C, Ramakrishna H. Endocardite infecciosa\u2014atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o para o cl\u00ednico perioperat\u00f3rio. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Apr;37(4):637\u2013649. doi:10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.12.030. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a potencialmente fatal associada \u00e0 inflama\u00e7\u00e3o do endoc\u00e1rdio, predominantemente do aparelho valvular do cora\u00e7\u00e3o, causada pela invas\u00e3o microbiana. Apesar do desenvolvimento da terapia antibi\u00f3tica e das modernas t\u00e9cnicas de imagiologia, a taxa de mortalidade permanece elevada. Epidemiologia A frequ\u00eancia da endocardite infecciosa varia de 3 a 15 casos por [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[293],"class_list":["post-883","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-cardiologia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Endocardite infecciosa: sintomas, causas, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, tratamento<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Endocardite infecciosa \u2014 grave inflama\u00e7\u00e3o do revestimento interno do cora\u00e7\u00e3o com comprometimento das v\u00e1lvulas. 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