{"id":8439,"date":"2026-10-22T16:36:53","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:36:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/infestation\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:36:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:36:59","slug":"infestation","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/infestation\/","title":{"rendered":"Infestation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019infestation (du latin <em>invasio<\/em> \u2014 p\u00e9n\u00e9tration, invasion) est un terme m\u00e9dical d\u00e9signant le processus de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration, de fixation et de parasitisme ult\u00e9rieur de protozoaires ou d\u2019helminthes dans l\u2019organisme humain.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce terme se distingue de la notion d\u2019\u00ab infection \u00bb, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement appliqu\u00e9e aux bact\u00e9ries, aux virus et aux champignons.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9canismes d\u2019infestation sont divers et d\u00e9pendent de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce du parasite. La contamination peut se produire par deux voies principales :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>active (percutan\u00e9e, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire transcutan\u00e9e)<\/strong> \u2014 les larves traversent physiquement la peau intacte lors d\u2019un contact avec de la terre ou de l\u2019eau contamin\u00e9e (comme dans l\u2019ankylostomose ou la schistosomose) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>passive (alimentaire)<\/strong> \u2014 elle se produit lors de l\u2019ingestion de kystes de protozoaires (Giardia), d\u2019\u0153ufs d\u2019helminthes (par exemple, des ascaris) ou de leurs larves (par exemple, des trichines, du t\u00e9nia du porc) avec des l\u00e9gumes non lav\u00e9s, de l\u2019eau non trait\u00e9e ou de la viande insuffisamment cuite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s avoir p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans l\u2019organisme, le parasite utilise un arsenal de m\u00e9canismes d\u2019\u00e9chappement \u00e0 la r\u00e9ponse immunitaire de l\u2019h\u00f4te. Les formes infestantes des helminthes sont recouvertes d\u2019une cuticule protectrice \u00e9paisse, r\u00e9sistante \u00e0 l\u2019action des enzymes digestives et des anticorps.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certains helminthes sont capables de mim\u00e9tisme antig\u00e9nique : ils modifient leur structure antig\u00e9nique en acqu\u00e9rant des r\u00e9cepteurs similaires \u00e0 ceux de l\u2019\u00eatre humain et deviennent \u00ab invisibles \u00bb pour les leucocytes.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La physiopathologie de l\u2019infestation repose sur plusieurs facteurs :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>l\u00e9sions m\u00e9caniques des tissus<\/strong> \u2014 fixation \u00e0 la paroi intestinale, p\u00e9n\u00e9tration dans les organes cibles (muscles, foie, \u0153il, enc\u00e9phale) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>absorption des nutriments de l\u2019h\u00f4te<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>r\u00e9action toxico-allergique<\/strong> \u2014 aux produits du m\u00e9tabolisme du parasite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les infestations parasitaires sont souvent asymptomatiques ou se pr\u00e9sentent sous l\u2019apparence de diverses maladies selon l\u2019organe atteint. Elles se manifestent le plus souvent par des sympt\u00f4mes gastro-intestinaux ou respiratoires, ou par une r\u00e9action allergique de type urticaire.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019\u00e9osinophilie persistante (augmentation du taux d\u2019\u00e9osinophiles dans le sang) constitue un marqueur biologique fr\u00e9quent de l\u2019infestation helminthique tissulaire ; plus rarement, une an\u00e9mie (diminution du taux d\u2019h\u00e9moglobine) est observ\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9thodes suivantes sont utilis\u00e9es pour diagnostiquer les infestations :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>tests s\u00e9rologiques sp\u00e9cifiques (ELISA) <\/strong>\u2014 ils sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9s afin de d\u00e9tecter les anticorps dirig\u00e9s contre les parasites (\u00e9chinocoque, Toxocara, trichine) ; la biopsie tissulaire est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement peu informative dans ce contexte ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>examen microscopique des selles avec recours \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes de concentration<\/strong> \u2014 il est utilis\u00e9 pour le diagnostic des trophozo\u00eftes et des kystes de Giardia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le traitement des infestations parasitaires repose sur des m\u00e9dicaments antiparasitaires. Leur action peut cibler :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>la perturbation de la transmission neuromusculaire chez les helminthes<\/strong> \u2014 provoque leur paralysie ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>l\u2019inhibition de la synth\u00e8se et l\u2019alt\u00e9ration de la structure de l\u2019ADN des agents pathog\u00e8nes<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>la destruction des membranes cellulaires du parasite<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019infestation (du latin <em>invasio<\/em> \u2014 p\u00e9n\u00e9tration, invasion) est un terme m\u00e9dical d\u00e9signant le processus de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration, de fixation et de parasitisme ult\u00e9rieur de protozoaires ou d\u2019helminthes dans l\u2019organisme humain. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8439","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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