{"id":8411,"date":"2026-10-22T16:37:21","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/dosage-immunoenzymatique\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:37:26","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:37:26","slug":"dosage-immunoenzymatique","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/dosage-immunoenzymatique\/","title":{"rendered":"Dosage immunoenzymatique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le dosage immunoenzymatique, ELISA (du latin immunitas<\/em> \u2014 lib\u00e9ration, d\u00e9livrance de quelque chose et fermentum<\/em> \u2014 levain) \u2014 est une m\u00e9thode fondamentale de diagnostic s\u00e9rologique en laboratoire, fond\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9action sp\u00e9cifique de liaison entre un antig\u00e8ne et un anticorps.<\/p>\n\n

Contrairement \u00e0 la PCR, qui d\u00e9tecte le mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du virus, l\u2019ELISA est le plus souvent utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9tecter la trace immunitaire (les anticorps) laiss\u00e9e par le virus dans l\u2019organisme du patient.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n

La m\u00e9thode repose sur le principe de reconnaissance mol\u00e9culaire selon le mod\u00e8le \u00ab cl\u00e9-serrure \u00bb. Le processus diagnostique comprend les \u00e9tapes suivantes :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. le fabricant d\u00e9pose au pr\u00e9alable, au fond des puits d\u2019une plaque sp\u00e9ciale en plastique, des antig\u00e8nes purifi\u00e9s du virus recherch\u00e9 (par exemple, le virus de la rougeole) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. le s\u00e9rum sanguin du patient y est ajout\u00e9 (si la personne est atteinte de rougeole ou l\u2019a d\u00e9j\u00e0 contract\u00e9e, son sang contient des anticorps qui se lient fortement aux antig\u00e8nes pr\u00e9sents au fond du puits) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. afin de visualiser ce processus, des anticorps secondaires auxquels une enzyme est chimiquement conjugu\u00e9e sont ajout\u00e9s dans le puits ; ils se lient au complexe d\u00e9j\u00e0 form\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u00e0 la derni\u00e8re \u00e9tape, le substrat r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur est ajout\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    L\u2019enzyme d\u00e9grade le substrat, modifiant la coloration du liquide dans le puits. Plus la coloration (densit\u00e9 optique) est intense, plus la concentration (titre) des anticorps dans le sang du patient est \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n

    L\u2019ELISA est le principal outil permettant de d\u00e9terminer le stade du processus infectieux. Il permet au m\u00e9decin non seulement de confirmer le contact du patient avec l\u2019agent infectieux, mais aussi de diff\u00e9rencier les anticorps selon leur classe (IgM, IgG, IgA) et de d\u00e9terminer leur avidit\u00e9 (force de liaison).<\/p>\n\n

    La m\u00e9thode ELISA est notamment utilis\u00e9e pour :<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • le d\u00e9pistage du sang des donneurs<\/strong> \u2014 pour le VIH, les h\u00e9patites et la syphilis ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • le d\u00e9pistage chez les femmes enceintes (complexe TORCH)<\/strong> \u2014 afin d\u2019\u00e9valuer le risque d\u2019infection intra-ut\u00e9rine du f\u0153tus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      Si l\u2019ELISA donne un r\u00e9sultat positif pour les anticorps dirig\u00e9s contre une nouvelle infection, le diagnostic doit souvent \u00eatre confirm\u00e9 par des m\u00e9thodes plus complexes (par exemple, l\u2019immunoblot ou la PCR).<\/p>\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Le dosage immunoenzymatique, ELISA (du latin immunitas<\/em> \u2014 lib\u00e9ration, d\u00e9livrance de quelque chose et fermentum<\/em> \u2014 levain) \u2014 est une m\u00e9thode fondamentale de diagnostic s\u00e9rologique en laboratoire, fond\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9action sp\u00e9cifique de liaison entre un antig\u00e8ne et un anticorps. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8411","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDosage immunoenzymatique : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le dosage immunoenzymatique, ELISA (du latin immunitas \u2014 lib\u00e9ration, d\u00e9livrance de quelque chose et fermentum \u2014 levain) \u2014 est une m\u00e9thode fondamentale de diagnostic s\u00e9rologique en laboratoire, fond\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9action sp\u00e9cifique de liaison entre un antig\u00e8ne et un anticorps.\" \/>\n<meta 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