{"id":8390,"date":"2026-10-22T16:37:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/immunodeficience\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:38:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:38:38","slug":"immunodeficience","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/immunodeficience\/","title":{"rendered":"Immunod\u00e9ficience"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience (du latin immunitas<\/em> \u2014 immunit\u00e9 et deficit<\/em> \u2014 insuffisance) est un \u00e9tat pathologique grave caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un d\u00e9faut quantitatif ou fonctionnel d\u2019un ou de plusieurs composants du syst\u00e8me immunitaire, entra\u00eenant une diminution ou une perte totale de la capacit\u00e9 de l\u2019organisme \u00e0 r\u00e9sister aux infections.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n

Les immunod\u00e9ficiences sont class\u00e9es en formes primaires et secondaires :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • les immunod\u00e9ficiences primaires (cong\u00e9nitales)<\/strong> \u2014 sont des mutations g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques rares dans lesquelles l\u2019enfant na\u00eet sans capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 produire des lymphocytes T et\/ou B (par exemple, un d\u00e9ficit immunitaire combin\u00e9 s\u00e9v\u00e8re, un d\u00e9ficit s\u00e9lectif en IgA) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • les formes secondaires (acquises)<\/strong> \u2014 sont beaucoup plus fr\u00e9quentes. Leur cause principale est l\u2019action de facteurs externes sur un syst\u00e8me immunitaire initialement sain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    L\u2019exemple le plus connu est le virus de l\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience humaine (VIH). Ce virus p\u00e9n\u00e8tre sp\u00e9cifiquement dans les lymphocytes T auxiliaires (lymphocytes CD4+) \u2014 cellules de commande qui coordonnent l\u2019ensemble de la r\u00e9ponse immunitaire.<\/p>\n\n

    Une immunod\u00e9ficience secondaire survient \u00e9galement lors de la prise d\u2019immunosuppresseurs (dans le cadre d\u2019une transplantation d\u2019organe) et d\u2019une radioth\u00e9rapie intensive.<\/p>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n

    Les manifestations cliniques de l\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience sont des infections chroniques et r\u00e9cidivantes ne r\u00e9pondant pas au traitement standard. Les patients pr\u00e9sentent des pneumonies s\u00e9v\u00e8res, des infections intestinales et des infections fongiques g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n

    La principale menace li\u00e9e aux immunod\u00e9ficiences est l\u2019apparition d\u2019infections opportunistes. Des agents pathog\u00e8nes inoffensifs pour une personne en bonne sant\u00e9 (Pneumocystis, champignons du genre Candida<\/em>, cytom\u00e9galovirus) provoquent chez ces patients des atteintes potentiellement mortelles des organes internes.<\/p>\n\n

    En outre, l\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience alt\u00e8re la surveillance antitumorale, augmentant le risque de d\u00e9veloppement de n\u00e9oplasmes malins (sarcomes et lymphomes).<\/p>\n\n

    Le traitement n\u00e9cessite g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un traitement substitutif \u00e0 vie (immunoglobulines intraveineuses, traitement antir\u00e9troviral sp\u00e9cifique) ou une transplantation de moelle osseuse.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    L\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience (du latin immunitas<\/em> \u2014 immunit\u00e9 et deficit<\/em> \u2014 insuffisance) est un \u00e9tat pathologique grave caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un d\u00e9faut quantitatif ou fonctionnel d\u2019un ou de plusieurs composants du syst\u00e8me immunitaire, entra\u00eenant une diminution ou une perte totale de la capacit\u00e9 de l\u2019organisme \u00e0 r\u00e9sister aux infections.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8390","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nImmunod\u00e9ficience : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience (du latin immunitas \u2014 immunit\u00e9 et deficit \u2014 insuffisance) est un \u00e9tat pathologique grave caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un d\u00e9faut quantitatif ou fonctionnel d\u2019un ou de plusieurs composants du syst\u00e8me immunitaire, 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