{"id":8383,"date":"2026-09-17T15:54:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T12:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/immunite-acquise\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:38:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:38:54","slug":"immunite-acquise","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/immunite-acquise\/","title":{"rendered":"Immunit\u00e9 acquise"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise (du latin <em>immunitas<\/em> \u2014 insensibilit\u00e9) est une forme hautement sp\u00e9cifique de d\u00e9fense immunitaire de l\u2019organisme. Elle n\u2019est pas inn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce syst\u00e8me se forme au cours de la vie apr\u00e8s un contact direct avec des antig\u00e8nes \u00e9trangers sp\u00e9cifiques (\u00e0 la suite d\u2019une infection ou d\u2019une vaccination) ou par l\u2019administration d\u2019anticorps pr\u00e9form\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contrairement \u00e0 l\u2019immunit\u00e9 inn\u00e9e, qui agit instantan\u00e9ment mais r\u00e9agit de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re \u00e0 toutes les menaces, l\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise n\u00e9cessite plusieurs jours ou semaines pour se d\u00e9clencher. Son fonctionnement est assur\u00e9 par deux principaux types de cellules :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>lymphocytes T<\/strong> \u2014 immunit\u00e9 cellulaire d\u00e9truisant les cellules infect\u00e9es ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>lymphocytes B<\/strong> \u2014 immunit\u00e9 humorale produisant des anticorps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La m\u00e9moire immunologique est une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fondamentale de l\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise. Apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9limination de l\u2019infection, la plupart des cellules immunitaires effectrices meurent. Cependant, une petite fraction d\u2019entre elles se transforme en cellules T et B m\u00e9moire. Elles entrent dans un \u00ab \u00e9tat de dormance \u00bb et patrouillent dans l\u2019organisme pendant des ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si le m\u00eame agent pathog\u00e8ne tente de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer \u00e0 nouveau dans l\u2019organisme, les cellules m\u00e9moire s\u2019activent instantan\u00e9ment et d\u00e9clenchent une r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle avant m\u00eame l\u2019apparition des premiers sympt\u00f4mes de la maladie.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le concept d\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise constitue le fondement de toute l\u2019infectiologie. Elle conf\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eatre humain une immunit\u00e9 contre la r\u00e9infection par de nombreuses maladies (varicelle, rougeole, rub\u00e9ole).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En m\u00e9decine, l\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise est divis\u00e9e en immunit\u00e9 active et immunit\u00e9 passive :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>immunit\u00e9 active<\/strong> \u2014 produite par l\u2019organisme lui-m\u00eame apr\u00e8s une maladie ou l\u2019administration d\u2019un vaccin. Elle met plus de temps \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper, mais prot\u00e8ge pendant des ann\u00e9es ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>immunit\u00e9 passive<\/strong> \u2014 appara\u00eet lors de l\u2019administration d\u2019anticorps pr\u00e9form\u00e9s provenant d\u2019un donneur (par exemple, un s\u00e9rum contre le t\u00e9tanos ou la rage) ou lors du transfert d\u2019anticorps de la m\u00e8re au f\u0153tus \u00e0 travers le placenta. L\u2019immunit\u00e9 passive agit instantan\u00e9ment et permet de sauver des vies dans les situations d\u2019urgence, mais dispara\u00eet en quelques mois sans laisser de m\u00e9moire immunologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise (du latin <em>immunitas<\/em> \u2014 insensibilit\u00e9) est une forme hautement sp\u00e9cifique de d\u00e9fense immunitaire de l\u2019organisme. Elle n\u2019est pas inn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8383","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Immunit\u00e9 acquise : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019immunit\u00e9 acquise (du latin immunitas \u2014 insensibilit\u00e9) est une forme hautement sp\u00e9cifique de d\u00e9fense immunitaire de l\u2019organisme. 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