{"id":8376,"date":"2026-09-17T15:54:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T12:54:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/reaction-chaine-polymerase\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:39:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:39:04","slug":"reaction-chaine-polymerase","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/reaction-chaine-polymerase\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase, PCR (du grec <em>polymeres<\/em> \u2014 constitu\u00e9 de nombreuses parties), est une m\u00e9thode de biologie mol\u00e9culaire de haute pr\u00e9cision permettant de d\u00e9tecter dans un mat\u00e9riel biologique (sang, salive, frottis) m\u00eame des fragments isol\u00e9s du mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique (ADN ou ARN) d\u2019un agent infectieux sp\u00e9cifique.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le m\u00e9canisme de la PCR reproduit le processus naturel de r\u00e9plication de l\u2019ADN d\u2019une cellule vivante, mais se d\u00e9roule dans un tube \u00e0 essai (dans un thermocycleur). Le processus se compose de cycles thermiques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>l\u2019\u00e9chantillon est chauff\u00e9 \u00e0 95 \u00b0C afin de s\u00e9parer la double h\u00e9lice de la mol\u00e9cule d\u2019ADN initiale en deux brins simples (d\u00e9naturation) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la temp\u00e9rature est abaiss\u00e9e et des amorces entrent alors en jeu \u2014 de courts marqueurs synth\u00e9tis\u00e9s artificiellement qui \u00ab reconnaissent \u00bb une r\u00e9gion unique du g\u00e9nome du virus recherch\u00e9 et s\u2019y fixent ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une enzyme thermostable sp\u00e9cifique, l\u2019ADN polym\u00e9rase, commence \u00e0 synth\u00e9tiser le second brin en copiant le fragment viral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 chaque cycle, la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019ADN viral double. Apr\u00e8s 30 \u00e0 40 cycles, une seule mol\u00e9cule virale donne naissance \u00e0 des milliards de copies exactes, facilement d\u00e9tect\u00e9es par le syst\u00e8me optique laser de l\u2019appareil.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si le virus est \u00e0 ARN (comme le rotavirus ou les coronavirus), le processus est pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9tape de transcription inverse \u2014 conversion de l\u2019ARN en ADN (RT-PCR).<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La PCR constitue l\u2019\u00e9talon-or du diagnostic des infections aigu\u00ebs. Contrairement aux analyses d\u2019anticorps, la PCR d\u00e9tecte non pas la r\u00e9action de l\u2019organisme \u00e0 la maladie, mais l\u2019agent pathog\u00e8ne lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La d\u00e9tection d\u2019un agent pathog\u00e8ne par PCR (r\u00e9sultat positif) constitue une preuve d\u2019infection active en pr\u00e9sence de sympt\u00f4mes correspondants ou d\u2019une vir\u00e9mie. La m\u00e9thode est indispensable dans les cas suivants :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>pendant la p\u00e9riode d\u2019incubation ou les premiers jours de la maladie<\/strong> \u2014 lorsque les anticorps n\u2019ont pas encore eu le temps d\u2019\u00eatre produits ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>pour l\u2019\u00e9valuation quantitative de la charge virale<\/strong> \u2014 par exemple, en cas d\u2019infection par le VIH ou d\u2019h\u00e9patite virale (afin de d\u00e9terminer le degr\u00e9 d\u2019activit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9plication virale et l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du traitement).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase, PCR (du grec <em>polymeres<\/em> \u2014 constitu\u00e9 de nombreuses parties), est une m\u00e9thode de biologie mol\u00e9culaire de haute pr\u00e9cision permettant de d\u00e9tecter dans un mat\u00e9riel biologique (sang, salive, frottis) m\u00eame des fragments isol\u00e9s du mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique (ADN ou ARN) d\u2019un agent infectieux sp\u00e9cifique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8376","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>R\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase, PCR (du grec polymeres \u2014 constitu\u00e9 de nombreuses parties), est une m\u00e9thode de biologie mol\u00e9culaire de haute pr\u00e9cision permettant de d\u00e9tecter dans un mat\u00e9riel biologique (sang, salive, frottis) m\u00eame des fragments isol\u00e9s du mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique (ADN ou ARN) d\u2019un agent infectieux sp\u00e9cifique.\" 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