{"id":8369,"date":"2026-09-17T15:54:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T12:54:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/neurotropisme\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:39:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:39:19","slug":"neurotropisme","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/neurotropisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Neurotropisme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le neurotropisme (du grec neuron<\/em> \u2014 nerf et tropos<\/em> \u2014 direction, propri\u00e9t\u00e9) est la capacit\u00e9 biologique sp\u00e9cifique de certains virus et de certaines bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 cibler s\u00e9lectivement, \u00e0 infecter et \u00e0 survivre \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des cellules du syst\u00e8me nerveux central et p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique (neurones et cellules gliales).<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n

L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale humain est prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par un puissant bouclier physiologique, la barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique (BHE), qui emp\u00eache la plupart des toxines et des microbes pr\u00e9sents dans le sang de le franchir.<\/p>\n\n

Les virus qui infectent les cellules nerveuses sont dits neuroinvasifs, tandis que ceux qui peuvent provoquer des maladies du syst\u00e8me nerveux sont dits neurovirulents. Ces caract\u00e9ristiques varient d\u2019un virus \u00e0 l\u2019autre, peuvent \u00eatre associ\u00e9es et, parfois, l\u2019une d\u2019elles peut pr\u00e9dominer.<\/p>\n\n

Les virus neurotropes (virus Herpes simplex, virus de la rage, ent\u00e9rovirus) ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 au cours de l\u2019\u00e9volution des m\u00e9canismes uniques permettant de contourner cette protection :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • transport axonal r\u00e9trograde<\/strong> \u2014 le virus p\u00e9n\u00e8tre dans une terminaison nerveuse situ\u00e9e dans la peau ou un muscle (par exemple, lors d\u2019une morsure animale). Il se fixe ensuite \u00e0 des prot\u00e9ines de transport sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la fibre nerveuse (axone) et remonte, comme sur des rails, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre la Moelle spinale et l\u2019Enc\u00e9phale ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • p\u00e9n\u00e9tration par voie sanguine<\/strong> \u2014 apr\u00e8s son entr\u00e9e dans l\u2019organisme, le poliovirus passe dans le sang, franchit la BHE et atteint les cellules motrices des cornes ant\u00e9rieures de la Moelle spinale ainsi que les noyaux des Nerfs cr\u00e2niens ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • voie du \u00ab cheval de Troie \u00bb<\/strong> \u2014 le virus (par exemple, un coronavirus) p\u00e9n\u00e8tre directement dans le tissu c\u00e9r\u00e9bral \u00ab sous couvert \u00bb, soit le long des fibres du nerf olfactif, soit \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de cellules immunitaires (macrophages) qui franchissent normalement la BHE.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n

    Le neurotropisme d\u00e9termine la gravit\u00e9 et la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de la maladie. Apr\u00e8s avoir p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans le syst\u00e8me nerveux, l\u2019agent pathog\u00e8ne peut provoquer une inflammation aigu\u00eb accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019une destruction cellulaire (enc\u00e9phalite, m\u00e9ningite, poliomy\u00e9lite paralytique).<\/p>\n\n

    Le virus Herpes simplex, qui pr\u00e9sente une faible neuroinvasivit\u00e9 mais une forte neurovirulence, entre dans un \u00e9tat de latence \u00e0 vie au sein des ganglions nerveux.<\/p>\n\n

    Certaines infections caus\u00e9es par des virus neurotropes se caract\u00e9risent par un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de l\u00e9talit\u00e9 et de d\u00e9ficit neurologique (s\u00e9quelles neurologiques) apr\u00e8s la gu\u00e9rison.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Le neurotropisme (du grec neuron<\/em> \u2014 nerf et tropos<\/em> \u2014 direction, propri\u00e9t\u00e9) est la capacit\u00e9 biologique sp\u00e9cifique de certains virus et de certaines bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 cibler s\u00e9lectivement, \u00e0 infecter et \u00e0 survivre \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des cellules du syst\u00e8me nerveux central et p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique (neurones et cellules gliales).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8369","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNeurotropisme : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le neurotropisme (du grec neuron \u2014 nerf et tropos \u2014 direction, propri\u00e9t\u00e9) est la capacit\u00e9 biologique sp\u00e9cifique de certains virus et de certaines bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 cibler s\u00e9lectivement, \u00e0 infecter et \u00e0 survivre \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des 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