{"id":8354,"date":"2026-10-22T16:36:44","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:36:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/infection-opportuniste\/"},"modified":"2026-10-22T16:36:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T13:36:50","slug":"infection-opportuniste","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/infection-opportuniste\/","title":{"rendered":"Infection opportuniste"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019infection opportuniste (du latin <em>opportunus<\/em> \u2014 commode, favorable) est une maladie caus\u00e9e par des micro-organismes qui, en temps normal, coexistent sans danger avec l\u2019\u00eatre humain ou demeurent \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat latent, mais acqui\u00e8rent des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s pathog\u00e8nes agressives en cas d\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience profonde (diminution des d\u00e9fenses immunitaires de l\u2019\u00eatre humain).<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La peau, les muqueuses et l\u2019intestin sont colonis\u00e9s par un nombre important de microbes divers \u2014 bact\u00e9ries, virus, protozoaires et champignons. En outre, plusieurs herp\u00e8svirus latents persistent dans l\u2019organisme tout au long de la vie (par exemple, le cytom\u00e9galovirus et le virus d\u2019Epstein-Barr).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chez une personne en bonne sant\u00e9, une puissante immunit\u00e9 \u00e0 m\u00e9diation cellulaire T maintient ces \u00ab voisins \u00bb sous contr\u00f4le, les emp\u00eachant de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les organes internes et de provoquer des maladies.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La pathogen\u00e8se de l\u2019infection opportuniste est d\u00e9clench\u00e9e par la rupture de ce contr\u00f4le (immunod\u00e9ficience s\u00e9v\u00e8re \u00e0 m\u00e9diation cellulaire T). Cela se produit dans les situations suivantes :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>au stade du SIDA<\/strong> \u2014 en cas d\u2019infection par le VIH ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>lors de la prise d\u2019immunosuppresseurs puissants<\/strong> \u2014 apr\u00e8s une transplantation d\u2019organes provenant d\u2019un donneur ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>pendant une chimioth\u00e9rapie agressive<\/strong> \u2014 dans le cadre du traitement des maladies oncologiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Priv\u00e9e du facteur qui la maintenait sous contr\u00f4le, la flore conditionnellement pathog\u00e8ne commence \u00e0 se multiplier de mani\u00e8re incontr\u00f4l\u00e9e, franchit les barri\u00e8res tissulaires, gagne la circulation sanguine syst\u00e9mique et atteint massivement les poumons, l\u2019Enc\u00e9phale, le tractus gastro-intestinal et d\u2019autres organes.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance clinique<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les infections opportunistes constituent une cause fr\u00e9quente de mortalit\u00e9 chez les patients immunod\u00e9prim\u00e9s. Les exemples classiques de telles pathologies sont :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>pneumonie \u00e0 Pneumocystis<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0153sophagite \u00e0 Candida<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>toxoplasmose de l\u2019Enc\u00e9phale<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>r\u00e9tinite \u00e0 cytom\u00e9galovirus<\/strong> \u2014 inflammation de la r\u00e9tine entra\u00eenant la c\u00e9cit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>colite<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De telles infections constituent souvent une indication clinique directe de d\u00e9pistage du VIH.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le diagnostic et le traitement des infections opportunistes constituent une t\u00e2che m\u00e9dicale complexe : ils n\u00e9cessitent l\u2019administration de m\u00e9dicaments antimicrobiens en association avec le traitement de la cause sous-jacente ayant provoqu\u00e9 l\u2019immunosuppression, afin de restaurer l\u2019immunit\u00e9 du patient.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019infection opportuniste (du latin <em>opportunus<\/em> \u2014 commode, favorable) est une maladie caus\u00e9e par des micro-organismes qui, en temps normal, coexistent sans danger avec l\u2019\u00eatre humain ou demeurent \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat latent, mais acqui\u00e8rent des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s pathog\u00e8nes agressives en cas d\u2019immunod\u00e9ficience profonde (diminution des d\u00e9fenses immunitaires de l\u2019\u00eatre humain).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-8354","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Infection opportuniste : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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