{"id":7333,"date":"2026-06-11T10:14:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:14:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/anticorps\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:04:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:04:46","slug":"anticorps","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/anticorps\/","title":{"rendered":"Anticorps"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L’anticorps (du latin anti<\/em> \u2014 contre et corpus<\/em> \u2014 corps) est une glycoprot\u00e9ine sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e complexe, produite par les lymphocytes B. C’est une arme effectrice principale de l’immunit\u00e9 humorale (acquise), cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour lier et neutraliser avec pr\u00e9cision des antig\u00e8nes \u00e9trangers sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Les anticorps sont synth\u00e9tis\u00e9s par les cellules plasmatiques et circulent dans le plasma sanguin et le liquide tissulaire. Structurellement, la mol\u00e9cule d’anticorps ressemble \u00e0 la lettre \u00ab Y \u00bb. Sa base (fragment Fc) est identique pour toutes les anticorps d’une m\u00eame classe, tandis que les deux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s bifides (fragments Fab) poss\u00e8dent une configuration spatiale unique, programm\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement. Elle s’ajuste parfaitement, comme une clef dans une serrure, uniquement \u00e0 un antig\u00e8ne sp\u00e9cifique.<\/p>\n\n

Le m\u00e9canisme d’action des anticorps est vari\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • neutralisation<\/strong> \u2014 les anticorps peuvent physiquement \u00ab englober \u00bb le virus, bloquant sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les cellules saines ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • opsonisation<\/strong> \u2014 agissent comme des marqueurs, recouvrant une bact\u00e9rie pour la rendre visible aux cellules phagocytaires ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • activation du syst\u00e8me du compl\u00e9ment<\/strong> \u2014 activent une cascade de prot\u00e9ines sanguines qui aident \u00e0 la protection contre les agents pathog\u00e8nes, stimulant ainsi une r\u00e9action inflammatoire locale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Les anticorps sont divis\u00e9s en 5 classes (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE) :<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • immunoglobulines M (IgM)<\/strong> \u2014 apparaissent en premier apr\u00e8s le contact avec un nouvel antig\u00e8ne et indiquent souvent une phase aigu\u00eb de la maladie ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • immunoglobulines G (IgG)<\/strong> \u2014 produites plus tard, elles assurent une immunit\u00e9 durable, souvent \u00e0 vie ; ce sont les seules immunoglobulines pouvant traverser le placenta (essentielles pour la protection des nouveau-n\u00e9s) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • immunoglobulines A (IgA)<\/strong> \u2014 pr\u00e9sentes sur les muqueuses, dans le s\u00e9rum et les fluides biologiques (salive, liquide lacrymal, colostrum, s\u00e9cr\u00e9tions des tractus respiratoire, gastro-intestinal et urog\u00e9nital), o\u00f9 elles assurent une protection antibact\u00e9rienne et antivirale ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • immunoglobulines D (IgD)<\/strong> \u2014 leur fonction reste \u00e0 ce jour inconnue ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • immunoglobulines E (IgE)<\/strong> \u2014 utilis\u00e9es pour le diagnostic des allergies, des maladies auto-immunes, des infections et autres pathologies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      Des anticorps monoclonaux cr\u00e9\u00e9s artificiellement sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9s pour traiter les maladies oncologiques et auto-immunes s\u00e9v\u00e8res.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      L’anticorps (du latin anti<\/em> \u2014 contre et corpus<\/em> \u2014 corps) est une glycoprot\u00e9ine sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e complexe, produite par les lymphocytes B. C’est une arme effectrice principale de l’immunit\u00e9 humorale (acquise), cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour lier et neutraliser avec pr\u00e9cision des antig\u00e8nes \u00e9trangers sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-7333","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAnticorps : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L'anticorps (du latin anti \u2014 contre et corpus \u2014 corps) est une glycoprot\u00e9ine sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e complexe, produite par les lymphocytes B. 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