{"id":7307,"date":"2026-06-11T10:14:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/zona\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:05:11","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:05:11","slug":"zona","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/zona\/","title":{"rendered":"Zona"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La zona (du grec zoster<\/em> \u2014 ceinture) est une maladie virale caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l’apparition de petites v\u00e9sicules group\u00e9es et douloureuses sur la peau. <\/p>\n\n

Elle ne r\u00e9sulte pas d’une infection initiale, mais de la r\u00e9activation locale du virus de la varicelle (Varicella-zoster virus<\/em>) qui s’est maintenu en \u00e9tat de veille dans le corps humain pendant des ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Lors de l’infection initiale (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pendant l’enfance), le virus provoque la varicelle classique. Apr\u00e8s la gu\u00e9rison, l’agent causal ne quitte pas le corps. Il remonte le long des fibres nerveuses pour s’installer d\u00e9finitivement dans les ganglions nerveux sensibles (ganglions dorsaux) ou dans les noyaux des nerfs cr\u00e2niens. L\u00e0, il passe dans un \u00e9tat latent (dormant), contenu par les cellules du syst\u00e8me immunitaire.<\/p>\n\n

Avec l’\u00e2ge (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement apr\u00e8s 50 ans) ou en cas de baisse de l’immunit\u00e9, le virus \u00ab se r\u00e9veille \u00bb, commence \u00e0 se multiplier activement et redescend par l’axone du nerf affect\u00e9 vers la peau. Ce processus provoque la l\u00e9sion de l’\u00e9piderme dans la zone innerv\u00e9e par ce nerf.<\/p>\n\n

Les conditions pouvant provoquer la r\u00e9activation du virus incluent :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • le stress<\/strong> \u2014 une forte tension \u00e9motionnelle ou physique ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • l’hypothermie<\/strong> \u2014 l’effet des basses temp\u00e9ratures sur le corps ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • l’oncologie<\/strong> \u2014 pr\u00e9sence de n\u00e9oplasmes malins ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • infection par le VIH<\/strong> \u2014 atteinte virale du syst\u00e8me immunitaire ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • utilisation de corticost\u00e9ro\u00efdes<\/strong> \u2014 utilisation prolong\u00e9e de m\u00e9dicaments hormonaux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    La veille de l’apparition de l’\u00e9ruption (p\u00e9riode prodromique), certains patients peuvent ressentir une douleur le long du nerf concern\u00e9. Ensuite, la rougeur et les v\u00e9sicules caract\u00e9ristiques apparaissent \u00e0 cet endroit.<\/p>\n\n

    Le principal signe clinique du zona est l’unilat\u00e9ralit\u00e9 stricte et la lin\u00e9arit\u00e9 des \u00e9ruptions cutan\u00e9es (elles suivent une bande le long du nerf, sans traverser la ligne m\u00e9diane du corps). Pour le traitement (dans les 72 premi\u00e8res heures), on utilise des m\u00e9dicaments antiviraux sp\u00e9cifiques (aciclovir, valaciclovir).<\/p>\n\n

    La complication la plus fr\u00e9quente et la plus grave est la n\u00e9vralgie post-herp\u00e9tique \u2014 une douleur aigu\u00eb, instable ou constante, d’intensit\u00e9 variable, qui peut persister des mois ou des ann\u00e9es apr\u00e8s la gu\u00e9rison compl\u00e8te de la peau au niveau de la zone affect\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n

    Pour soulager le syndrome de la douleur, on utilise habituellement :<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • gabapentine et pr\u00e9gabaline<\/strong> \u2014 m\u00e9dicaments anticonvulsivants ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • antid\u00e9presseurs cycliques<\/strong> \u2014 m\u00e9dicaments pour moduler la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la douleur ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • injections de toxine botulique<\/strong> \u2014 administrations locales pour r\u00e9duire l’intensit\u00e9 de la douleur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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