{"id":7291,"date":"2026-06-11T10:13:59","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/syncytium\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:05:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:05:16","slug":"syncytium","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/syncytium\/","title":{"rendered":"Syncytium"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le syncytium (du grec syn<\/em> \u2014 ensemble et kytos<\/em> \u2014 cellule) est une grande structure cellulaire multinucl\u00e9\u00e9e qui n’est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e par des membranes cellulaires. <\/p>\n\n

En infectiologie, la formation de syncytium est un effet cytopathique sp\u00e9cifique (destructeur) provoqu\u00e9 par certains virus lors de l’infection des tissus humains.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Certains virus contenant de l’ARN et de l’ADN (notamment le virus respiratoire syncytial, les coronavirus, les virus de l’herp\u00e8s simplex) ont sur leur enveloppe externe des prot\u00e9ines de fusion sp\u00e9cifiques (F-prot\u00e9ines).<\/p>\n\n

Le processus d’infection virale et de formation de syncytium s’effectue de la mani\u00e8re suivante :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. p\u00e9n\u00e9tration du virus<\/strong> \u2014 lorsque le virus p\u00e9n\u00e8tre dans la cellule humaine, la cellule infect\u00e9e lib\u00e8re de nouveaux virus dans les cellules saines voisines ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. action de la colle mol\u00e9culaire<\/strong> \u2014 la cellule infect\u00e9e peut continuer \u00e0 produire des virus, ou peut fusionner avec d’autres cellules \u00e0 l’aide d’une prot\u00e9ine de fusion (F-prot\u00e9ine) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. fusion des cellules<\/strong> \u2014 en cons\u00e9quence, des dizaines de cellules individuelles fusionnent en une structure unique avec de nombreux noyaux (syncytium).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    La formation de syncytiums conduit \u00e0 une mort rapide et massive des tissus sains.<\/p>\n\n

    La signification clinique et diagnostique du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est la suivante :<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • n\u00e9crose des tissus affect\u00e9s<\/strong> \u2014 une cellule transform\u00e9e en syncytium perd ses fonctions et meurt bient\u00f4t (par exemple, lors d’une infection par le virus respiratoire syncytial, l’\u00e9pith\u00e9lium cili\u00e9 des voies respiratoires fusionne en plaques multinucl\u00e9\u00e9es qui meurent ensuite et se d\u00e9tachent en morceaux entiers directement dans la lumi\u00e8re des bronches) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • identification des virus<\/strong> \u2014 en diagnostic de laboratoire, le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est utilis\u00e9 pour identifier l’agent pathog\u00e8ne : lors de la microscopie d’\u00e9chantillons (par exemple, dans le test de Tzanck pour l’herp\u00e8s), le technicien de laboratoire cherche visuellement des cellules g\u00e9antes multinucl\u00e9\u00e9es caract\u00e9ristiques, ce qui sert de confirmation directe de l’infection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Le syncytium (du grec syn<\/em> \u2014 ensemble et kytos<\/em> \u2014 cellule) est une grande structure cellulaire multinucl\u00e9\u00e9e qui n’est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e par des membranes cellulaires. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-7291","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSyncytium : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le syncytium (du grec syn \u2014 ensemble et kytos \u2014 cellule) est une grande structure cellulaire multinucl\u00e9\u00e9e qui n'est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e par des membranes cellulaires.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/syncytium\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" 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