{"id":7277,"date":"2026-06-11T10:13:57","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:13:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/bronchiolite\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:05:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:05:39","slug":"bronchiolite","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/bronchiolite\/","title":{"rendered":"Bronchiolite"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La bronchiolite (du latin bronchiolus<\/em> \u2014 petit bronche et du suffixe -ite<\/em>, signifiant inflammation) est une affection virale aigu\u00eb des voies respiratoires inf\u00e9rieures impliquant principalement les petites bronches et bronchioles chez les enfants de moins de 2 ans, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une toux, un d\u00e9veloppement de sifflements et une insuffisance respiratoire. <\/p>\n\n

Les bronchioles repr\u00e9sentent les branches terminales de l’arbre respiratoire, d\u00e9pourvues de cartilage et d’\u00e9pith\u00e9lium cili\u00e9 (d’un diam\u00e8tre de moins de 2 mm), qui passent directement dans les alv\u00e9oles.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Dans la majorit\u00e9 des cas (jusqu’\u00e0 80 %), l’agent \u00e9tiologique est le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS), plus rarement les rhinovirus, ad\u00e9novirus ou virus parainfluenza. L’infection a une tropisme pour l’\u00e9pith\u00e9lium des bronches et bronchioles.<\/p>\n\n

La pathog\u00e9n\u00e8se de la maladie est due aux caract\u00e9ristiques anatomiques des jeunes enfants. Le d\u00e9veloppement de la pathologie se d\u00e9roule en plusieurs \u00e9tapes :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. l’introduction du virus<\/strong> \u2014 provoque une r\u00e9action inflammatoire locale forte, une n\u00e9crose et une desquamation de l’\u00e9pith\u00e9lium ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. d\u00e9veloppement de l’inflammation<\/strong> \u2014 est accompagn\u00e9 d’une lib\u00e9ration de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, un \u0153d\u00e8me et une hypers\u00e9cr\u00e9tion de mucus ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. formation de l’obstruction<\/strong> \u2014 se d\u00e9veloppe avec une obstruction partielle des bronchioles, plus prononc\u00e9e pendant l’expiration.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

    Le pic d’incidence se situe chez les enfants de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de vie. En raison de l’obstruction partielle des voies a\u00e9riennes, un m\u00e9canisme de valve se forme : \u00e0 l’inspiration, l’air entre dans les alv\u00e9oles, mais il est pi\u00e9g\u00e9 \u00e0 l’expiration. En cas d’obstruction compl\u00e8te de la lumi\u00e8re des voies respiratoires affect\u00e9es, le d\u00e9veloppement d’at\u00e9lectasies peut survenir.<\/p>\n\n

    Cliniquement, la bronchiolite se manifeste apr\u00e8s un prodrome catarrhal l\u00e9ger. L’\u00e9tat de l’enfant se d\u00e9t\u00e9riore brusquement, apparaissent les sympt\u00f4mes suivants :<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • respiration sifflante<\/strong> (wheezing) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • respiration fr\u00e9quente<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • participation des muscles accessoires<\/strong> \u2014 se manifeste par une r\u00e9traction des zones souples de la cage thoracique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      En raison de l’\u00e9tiologie virale, une antibioth\u00e9rapie n’est pas indiqu\u00e9e. Le traitement est de soutien et inclut une r\u00e9hydratation ad\u00e9quate et une oxyg\u00e9noth\u00e9rapie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      La bronchiolite (du latin bronchiolus<\/em> \u2014 petit bronche et du suffixe -ite<\/em>, signifiant inflammation) est une affection virale aigu\u00eb des voies respiratoires inf\u00e9rieures impliquant principalement les petites bronches et bronchioles chez les enfants de moins de 2 ans, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une toux, un d\u00e9veloppement de sifflements et une insuffisance respiratoire. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-7277","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBronchiolite : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La bronchiolite (du latin bronchiolus \u2014 petit bronche et du suffixe -ite, signifiant inflammation) est une affection virale aigu\u00eb des voies respiratoires inf\u00e9rieures impliquant principalement les petites bronches et bronchioles chez les enfants de moins de 2 ans, 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