{"id":3837,"date":"2026-03-16T13:02:14","date_gmt":"2026-03-16T10:02:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/fracture-de-jefferson\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T18:36:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T15:36:19","slug":"fracture-de-jefferson","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossary\/fracture-de-jefferson\/","title":{"rendered":"Fracture de Jefferson"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Fracture de Jefferson (<em>\u00e9ponyme, nomm\u00e9 d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s le neurochirurgien Geoffrey Jefferson qui l&rsquo;a d\u00e9crite<\/em>) \u2013 c&rsquo;est une fracture comminutive sp\u00e9cifique de la premi\u00e8re vert\u00e8bre cervicale. La blessure se caract\u00e9rise par une rupture sym\u00e9trique des arcs ant\u00e9rieur et post\u00e9rieur de la vert\u00e8bre due \u00e0 une compression axiale s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\"><strong>\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Le m\u00e9canisme classique de blessure implique l&rsquo;application d&rsquo;une charge verticale puissante sur la colonne cervicale redress\u00e9e. Cela se produit le plus souvent lorsqu&rsquo;une charge lourde tombe directement sur le sommet du cr\u00e2ne, lors d&rsquo;une chute t\u00eate premi\u00e8re ou en plongeant en eau peu profonde.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sous l&rsquo;effet de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique, les condyles occipitaux du cr\u00e2ne s&rsquo;enfoncent en coin dans les masses lat\u00e9rales de la premi\u00e8re vert\u00e8bre cervicale. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les facettes articulaires sont inclin\u00e9es, les masses lat\u00e9rales s&rsquo;\u00e9cartent fortement vers l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, d\u00e9chirant l&rsquo;anneau osseux fragile aux endroits les plus minces.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dans la variante classique, quatre fragments osseux ind\u00e9pendants se forment. Le facteur critique de stabilit\u00e9 dans cette zone est le ligament transverse de l&rsquo;atlas. Si ce ligament est rompu, les masses lat\u00e9rales se s\u00e9parent de mani\u00e8re significative, ce qui d\u00e9truit compl\u00e8tement la fonction de soutien de la jonction craniovert\u00e9brale.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\"><strong>Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Le tableau clinique de cette fracture est souvent paradoxal : un d\u00e9ficit neurologique s\u00e9v\u00e8re (t\u00e9trapl\u00e9gie) est rare. Cela s&rsquo;explique par le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d&rsquo;autod\u00e9compression : la s\u00e9paration des fragments osseux \u00e9largit physiquement le canal rachidien, prot\u00e9geant la moelle spinale de la compression directe.<\/p>\n\n<p>Les sympt\u00f4mes dominants sont une douleur intense dans la r\u00e9gion occipitale, une restriction s\u00e9v\u00e8re de la rotation de la t\u00eate et une forte sensation d&rsquo;instabilit\u00e9. Le patient soutient instinctivement sa t\u00eate avec ses mains.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pour poser le diagnostic, la radiographie standard est insuffisante en raison de la superposition de l&rsquo;ombre de la m\u00e2choire. Un clich\u00e9 bouche ouverte ou une tomodensitom\u00e9trie multi-spirale est n\u00e9cessaire. Le traitement consiste en l&rsquo;utilisation prolong\u00e9e d&rsquo;un dispositif Halo, et en cas de rupture complexe ligamentaire, une fixation chirurgicale est n\u00e9cessaire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fracture de Jefferson (<em>\u00e9ponyme, nomm\u00e9 d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s le neurochirurgien Geoffrey Jefferson qui l&rsquo;a d\u00e9crite<\/em>) \u2013 c&rsquo;est une fracture comminutive sp\u00e9cifique de la premi\u00e8re vert\u00e8bre cervicale. La blessure se caract\u00e9rise par une rupture sym\u00e9trique des arcs ant\u00e9rieur et post\u00e9rieur de la vert\u00e8bre due \u00e0 une compression axiale s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-3837","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Fracture de Jefferson : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fracture de Jefferson (\u00e9ponyme, nomm\u00e9 d&#039;apr\u00e8s le neurochirurgien Geoffrey Jefferson qui l&#039;a d\u00e9crite) \u2013 c&#039;est une fracture comminutive sp\u00e9cifique de la premi\u00e8re vert\u00e8bre cervicale. 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