{"id":1618,"date":"2025-10-30T11:38:28","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T08:38:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/apnee\/"},"modified":"2025-11-13T14:41:09","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T11:41:09","slug":"apnee","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/apnee\/","title":{"rendered":"Apn\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019apn\u00e9e (du grec apnoia<\/em> \u2014 absence de vent, absence de respiration) est un arr\u00eat complet des mouvements respiratoires et une cessation de la ventilation pulmonaire pendant 10 secondes ou plus. Cet \u00e9tat est la manifestation cl\u00e9 des syndromes de troubles respiratoires du sommeil.<\/p>\n\n

Lors d\u2019un \u00e9pisode d\u2019apn\u00e9e, l\u2019\u00e9change gazeux dans les poumons s\u2019arr\u00eate, entra\u00eenant une diminution du taux d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne dans le sang (hypox\u00e9mie). Selon le m\u00e9canisme d\u2019apparition, on distingue l\u2019apn\u00e9e obstructive, li\u00e9e \u00e0 un blocage m\u00e9canique des voies respiratoires, et l\u2019apn\u00e9e centrale, due \u00e0 un dysfonctionnement du centre respiratoire dans le cerveau.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Il existe deux principaux types physiopathologiques d\u2019apn\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • Apn\u00e9e obstructive.<\/strong> Le type le plus fr\u00e9quent. Elle survient en raison de l\u2019affaissement des tissus mous du pharynx (voile du palais, base de la langue) ou d\u2019une hypertrophie des ad\u00e9no\u00efdes, qui bloque physiquement le passage de l\u2019air malgr\u00e9 les efforts inspiratoires persistants des muscles respiratoires.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Apn\u00e9e centrale.<\/strong> Elle se d\u00e9veloppe lorsque le centre respiratoire du cerveau cesse d\u2019envoyer des impulsions aux muscles respiratoires. Les efforts respiratoires sont alors absents. Elle est souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une insuffisance cardiaque, un accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral ou \u00e0 la prise d\u2019opio\u00efdes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Cliniquement, l\u2019apn\u00e9e du sommeil se manifeste par un ronflement bruyant, des arr\u00eats respiratoires observ\u00e9s et une somnolence diurne marqu\u00e9e. L\u2019\u00ab \u00e9talon-or \u00bb du diagnostic est la polysomnographie \u2014 un examen qui enregistre divers param\u00e8tres physiologiques pendant le sommeil. L\u2019indicateur cl\u00e9 est l\u2019index d\u2019apn\u00e9e-hypopn\u00e9e (IAH), qui d\u00e9termine la gravit\u00e9 de la maladie.<\/p>\n\n

    Les \u00e9pisodes r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019apn\u00e9e entra\u00eenent une hypox\u00e9mie chronique et une fragmentation du sommeil. Cela constitue un facteur de risque majeur pour le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une hypertension art\u00e9rielle, d\u2019un infarctus du myocarde, d\u2019un accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral et d\u2019un diab\u00e8te de type 2. La principale m\u00e9thode de traitement de l\u2019apn\u00e9e obstructive du sommeil est la th\u00e9rapie CPAP (cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une pression positive continue dans les voies respiratoires).<\/p>\n\n

    Diagnostic diff\u00e9rentiel<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    La t\u00e2che cl\u00e9 du diagnostic est de diff\u00e9rencier entre les types obstructif et central d\u2019apn\u00e9e, car les approches th\u00e9rapeutiques diff\u00e8rent fondamentalement. Cette diff\u00e9renciation est fiable uniquement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la polysomnographie, qui enregistre la pr\u00e9sence ou l\u2019absence d\u2019efforts respiratoires de la cage thoracique et de la paroi abdominale pendant l\u2019arr\u00eat respiratoire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    L\u2019apn\u00e9e (du grec apnoia \u2014 absence de vent, absence de respiration) est un arr\u00eat complet des mouvements respiratoires et une cessation de la ventilation pulmonaire pendant 10 secondes ou plus. Cet \u00e9tat est la manifestation cl\u00e9 des syndromes de troubles respiratoires du sommeil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1618","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nApn\u00e9e : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019apn\u00e9e (du grec apnoia \u2014 absence de vent, absence de respiration) est un arr\u00eat complet des mouvements respiratoires et une cessation de la ventilation pulmonaire pendant 10 secondes ou plus. 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