{"id":612,"date":"2025-04-01T10:49:26","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T07:49:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/anomalies-congenitales-de-loreille-externe\/"},"modified":"2026-05-27T14:47:45","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T11:47:45","slug":"anomalies-du-developpement-de-loreille-externe","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/maladies\/oto-rhino-laryngologie\/anomalies-congenitales-de-loreille-externe\/","title":{"rendered":"Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;oreille externe : sympt\u00f4mes, \u00e9volution et traitement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe sont des malformations cong\u00e9nitales de l\u2019auricule ou du conduit auditif externe. Les pathologies de ce groupe provoquent des troubles fonctionnels et esth\u00e9tiques qui entra\u00eenent un retard dans le d\u00e9veloppement de la parole et\/ou une insatisfaction avec son apparence physique.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-oreille-decollee\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/protuding-ears.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"definition-et-classification-des-anomalies-du-developpement-de-l-oreille-externe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finition et classification des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Malformations de l\u2019auricule\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>microtie<\/strong> (grade I \u00e0 IV)\u00a0\u2013 hypoplasie auriculaire\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>anotie<\/strong> (microtie de grade\u00a0IV)\u00a0\u2013 absence totale de l\u2019auricule\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>macrotie<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 augmentation de la taille de l\u2019auricule\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 augmentation de l\u2019angle entre l\u2019auricule et la t\u00eate de plus de 30\u00b0\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>tubercule de Darwin<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 tubercule rudimentaire de l\u2019auricule.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/Microtia_3%5B1%5D.webp\" alt=\"Microtie de grade III\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Microtie de grade III \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/8861ee9e-a330-4451-856d-1de6ead27805\/03218e75-4d1b-461d-bad0-7491688d7c97\/84fd861e-aca9-404c-95ea-7f1e78318082\/ccf737c4-7344-4c05-8ca4-48a4d2f19f81\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Malformations du m\u00e9at acoustique externe\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>atr\u00e9sie totale du m\u00e9at acoustique<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 absence de m\u00e9at acoustique externe\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>atr\u00e9sie partielle du m\u00e9at acoustique (st\u00e9nose)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 r\u00e9tr\u00e9cissement de la lumi\u00e8re du m\u00e9at acoustique externe \u00e0 moins de 4\u00a0mm de diam\u00e8tre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162364973\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/complete-external-auditory-canal-atresia.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 atr\u00e9sie totale du m\u00e9at acoustique externe<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/partial-external-auditory-canal-atresia-stenosis.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 atr\u00e9sie partielle du m\u00e9at acoustique externe (st\u00e9nose)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162364973\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162364973\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a57162364973\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162364973', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162364973',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a57162364973',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162364973',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Formations parotides :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>fistules pr\u00e9-auriculaires<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 canaux \u00e0 terminaison aveugle dont les orifices de sortie sont situ\u00e9s en avant de l\u2019auricule ou sur son h\u00e9lix\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><strong>appendices cutan\u00e9s pr\u00e9-auriculaires<\/strong> (pavillons surnum\u00e9raires)\u00a0\u2013 tubercules situ\u00e9s en avant de l\u2019auricule, constituant des excroissances cutan\u00e9es, parfois contenant du cartilage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"embryologie\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Embryologie<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La formation de l\u2019auricule commence \u00e0 la cinqui\u00e8me semaine de gestation \u00e0 partir des premier et deuxi\u00e8me arcs branchiaux, qui forment in utero trois tubercules de His chacun. Par la suite, ces tubercules fusionnent et, vers la 22e semaine, forment un auricule complet avec ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments caract\u00e9ristiques\u00a0: le tragus, l\u2019antitragus, la racine de l\u2019h\u00e9lix, l\u2019h\u00e9lix, la fosse de l\u2019anth\u00e9lix et l\u2019anth\u00e9lix. Vers l\u2019\u00e2ge de 5 \u00e0 6\u00a0ans, l\u2019auricule atteint pratiquement sa taille d\u00e9finitive.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le m\u00e9at acoustique externe se d\u00e9veloppe entre la 12e et la 28e semaine de gestation. L\u2019\u00e9pith\u00e9lium de l\u2019ectoderme de la premi\u00e8re fente branchiale, situ\u00e9e entre les premier et deuxi\u00e8me arcs branchiaux, s\u2019invagine pour former le canal du conduit auditif (ou m\u00e9at acoustique). <\/p>\n<h2 id=\"epidemiologie\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les anomalies cong\u00e9nitales de la structure auriculaire touchent 1\u00a0nouveau-n\u00e9 sur 7\u00a0000 \u00e0 15\u00a0000\u00a0; 85\u00a0% d\u2019entre elles sont unilat\u00e9rales, et dans 60\u00a0% des cas, c\u2019est l\u2019oreille droite qui est atteinte. Chez les gar\u00e7ons, cette pathologie est observ\u00e9e 2 \u00e0 2,5 fois plus fr\u00e9quemment que chez les filles. Il existe des diff\u00e9rences ethniques : les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement des auricules sont plus fr\u00e9quentes chez les Hispano-Am\u00e9ricains, les Asiatiques et les Indiens Navajos. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La microtie est observ\u00e9e chez 1\u00a0nouveau-n\u00e9 vivant sur 7\u00a0000. La microtie de grade\u00a0III est la plus fr\u00e9quente (75\u00a0%). L\u2019atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif externe touche 1 nouveau-n\u00e9 sur 10 000 \u00e0 20 000, avec une pr\u00e9valence deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e chez les hommes. L\u2019atr\u00e9sie et la microtie peuvent coexister. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les oreilles d\u00e9coll\u00e9es sont pr\u00e9sentes chez 0,5 \u00e0 15\u00a0% des individus, avec une pr\u00e9valence d\u2019environ 5\u00a0% chez les Europ\u00e9ens. Dans 66\u00a0% des cas, cette pathologie est transmise selon un mode autosomique dominant avec p\u00e9n\u00e9trance incompl\u00e8te. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les fistules pr\u00e9-auriculaires surviennent chez 15 \u00e0 43\u00a0personnes sur\u00a0100\u00a0000, avec 27\u00a0% des cas \u00e9tant transmis selon un mode autosomique r\u00e9cessif. Les appendices pr\u00e9-auriculaires repr\u00e9sentent l\u2019anomalie la plus courante de l\u2019oreille externe, avec une pr\u00e9valence de 5 \u00e0 10 cas pour 1 000 nouveau-n\u00e9s. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/Periauricular_skin_appendages%5B1%5D.webp\" alt=\"Appendice cutan\u00e9 pr\u00e9-auriculaire \"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Appendice cutan\u00e9 pr\u00e9-auriculaire\u00a0\u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/8861ee9e-a330-4451-856d-1de6ead27805\/03218e75-4d1b-461d-bad0-7491688d7c97\/9889321a-1def-475a-8572-f304bbe191e9\/896c8ce4-bd58-4b70-8501-25babda034ff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La plupart des malformations cong\u00e9nitales de l\u2019oreille sont des manifestations de syndromes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques tels que ceux de K\u00f6nigsmark, de Moebius, de Treacher Collins, de Down, etc.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"etiologie-et-pathogenese\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tiologie et pathogen\u00e8se<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe r\u00e9sultent de mutations g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques (environ 15\u00a0%), de l\u2019exposition \u00e0 des facteurs t\u00e9ratog\u00e8nes, mais sont dans la plupart des cas idiopathiques. Les t\u00e9ratog\u00e8nes qui affectent le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019auricule sont l\u2019isotr\u00e9tino\u00efne, la thalidomide et l\u2019\u00e9thanol. Divers facteurs \u00e9tiologiques peuvent provoquer une perturbation de l\u2019invagination de l\u2019\u00e9pith\u00e9lium de l\u2019ectoderme de la premi\u00e8re fente branchiale, ce qui entra\u00eene la formation d\u2019une atr\u00e9sie. L\u2019atr\u00e9sie osseuse du conduit auditif est toujours secondaire et li\u00e9e \u00e0 des malformations de l\u2019os temporal. La microtie est caus\u00e9e par un d\u00e9faut de fusion des tubercules de His et la formation de l\u2019auricule. Les fistules pr\u00e9-auriculaires se forment suite \u00e0 une migration retard\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9pith\u00e9lium et du tissu cartilagineux ou \u00e0 une prolif\u00e9ration tissulaire excessive. Les appendices cutan\u00e9s pr\u00e9-auriculaires r\u00e9sultent d\u2019une migration alt\u00e9r\u00e9e de l\u2019un des trois tubercules du premier arc branchial. On peut les observer sur la peau dans le triangle form\u00e9 par l\u2019angle de la bouche et la base de l\u2019auricule (entre l\u2019h\u00e9lix et le lobule de l\u2019oreille).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"presentation-clinique\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pr\u00e9sentation clinique<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe se manifestent par une insatisfaction esth\u00e9tique et\/ou par des troubles de l\u2019audition. La modification de la taille et de la position des auricules, ainsi que la pr\u00e9sence de formations pr\u00e9-auriculaires, peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des complexes li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019apparence physique des patients. Ces complexes sont particuli\u00e8rement fr\u00e9quents entre 5 et 6\u00a0ans, p\u00e9riode \u00e0 laquelle les pairs commencent \u00e0 remarquer ces particularit\u00e9s physiques. Cela peut entra\u00eener des probl\u00e8mes d\u2019estime de soi et de socialisation. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de microtie de grade III \u00e0 IV et d\u2019atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif, on observe une perte auditive d\u2019intensit\u00e9 variable du c\u00f4t\u00e9 atteint. Cependant, si la pathologie est unilat\u00e9rale, la maladie peut rester longtemps masqu\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une compensation par l\u2019oreille saine. Dans le cas d\u2019une st\u00e9nose unilat\u00e9rale du conduit auditif, la fonction auditive peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e et les changements externes ne sont pas visibles. Ces patients ont une propension plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 consulter un oto-rhino-laryngologiste, en raison de la formation de bouchons de c\u00e9rumen. Cette situation est due \u00e0 une perturbation de l\u2019autonettoyage du conduit auditif, caus\u00e9e par son \u00e9troitesse anatomique. Les fistules pr\u00e9-auriculaires, outre le pr\u00e9judice esth\u00e9tique qu\u2019elles repr\u00e9sentent, peuvent s\u2019enflammer. Cela s\u2019accompagne d\u2019un \u00e9coulement pathologique par l\u2019orifice fistulaire, parfois d\u2019une douleur locale et d\u2019une hyperh\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162366b30\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/preauricular-fistula.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 fistule pr\u00e9-auriculaire<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/preauricular-dermal-appendages.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 appendices cutan\u00e9s pr\u00e9-auriculaires<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162366b30\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162366b30\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a57162366b30\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162366b30', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162366b30',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a57162366b30',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162366b30',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les appendices cutan\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre situ\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9gion de la joue ou devant l\u2019oreille et prendre diff\u00e9rentes formes (sph\u00e9rique, lobulaire, nodulaire ou ovo\u00efde). Ils ne posent pas de probl\u00e8mes fonctionnels et ne causent qu\u2019un d\u00e9faut esth\u00e9tique. <\/p>\n<h2 id=\"diagnostic-des-anomalies-du-developpement-de-l-oreille-externe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagnostic des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour \u00e9tablir le diagnostic, des examens cliniques et d\u2019imagerie sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9s. Elles permettent de d\u00e9terminer la localisation des anomalies et l\u2019\u00e9tendue des l\u00e9sions tissulaires, ainsi que la nature et le degr\u00e9 de la perte auditive et l\u2019implication des structures de l\u2019oreille moyenne et interne. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"examen\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examen<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On \u00e9value la taille et la forme des auricules, leur position par rapport au cr\u00e2ne, ainsi que la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles formations pr\u00e9-auriculaires (fistules, appendices). Il convient d\u2019inspecter les auricules et de les comparer avec le c\u00f4t\u00e9 oppos\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de microtie de grade\u00a0I, l\u2019auricule est r\u00e9duit, mais les rep\u00e8res anatomiques sont pr\u00e9serv\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La microtie de grade\u00a0II se caract\u00e9rise par une r\u00e9duction de la taille et une d\u00e9formation de l\u2019auricule, certains \u00e9l\u00e9ments anatomiques \u00e9tant pr\u00e9serv\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la microtie de grade\u00a0III, l\u2019auricule se pr\u00e9sente sous forme de petites excroissances rudimentaires de tissu cartilagineux et de peau en forme de \u00ab\u00a0cacahu\u00e8te\u00a0\u00bb. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de microtie de grade\u00a0IV, l\u2019auricule est totalement absent, tout comme le m\u00e9at acoustique externe\u00a0; dans de rares cas, ce dernier peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9serv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a571623674b1\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/microtia-1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 microtie de grade\u00a0I<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/mikrotia-2.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 microtie de grade\u00a0II<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/mikrotia-3.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 microtie de grade\u00a0III<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/mikrotia-4-anotia.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 microtie de grade\u00a0IV (anotie)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a571623674b1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a571623674b1\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a571623674b1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a571623674b1', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a571623674b1',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a571623674b1',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a571623674b1',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e se caract\u00e9rise par un angle c\u00e9phalo-auriculaire sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 30\u00b0. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de macrotie, la dimension verticale des auricules est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 6\u00a0cm.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le tubercule de Darwin est une excroissance rudimentaire du cartilage dans la partie sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019h\u00e9lix.<\/p>\n<div class=\"videos-carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper video-carousel-swiper video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162367aeb\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/macrotia.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 macrotie<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><video controls class=\"carousel-video\"><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/darwin-turbecle.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 tubercule de Darwin<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162367aeb\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-video-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162367aeb\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow 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27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const videosCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.video-carousel-swiper-block_6a57162367aeb', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-video-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a57162367aeb',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a57162367aeb',\n                prevEl: '.video-carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a57162367aeb',\n            },\n            on: {\n                slideChangeTransitionStart: function () {\n                    const videos = this.el.querySelectorAll('video');\n                    videos.forEach(video => {\n                        if (!video.paused) {\n                            video.pause();\n                            video.currentTime = 0;\n                        }\n                    });\n                },\n            }\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"otoscopie\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Otoscopie<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On d\u00e9termine la pr\u00e9sence ou l\u2019absence de m\u00e9at acoustique externe. L\u2019absence de ce conduit est un indicateur cl\u00e9 d\u2019une atr\u00e9sie compl\u00e8te du conduit auditif. Dans le cas contraire, o\u00f9 le conduit auditif externe est pr\u00e9serv\u00e9, on note sa taille, sa forme et la visibilit\u00e9 du tympan. Si le diam\u00e8tre de la partie la plus large du conduit est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 4\u00a0mm, une st\u00e9nose est diagnostiqu\u00e9e. Les contours du tympan, sa couleur et sa transparence font \u00e9galement l\u2019objet d\u2019une \u00e9valuation rigoureuse. En cas de microtie de grade\u00a0II \u00e0\u00a0IV, le m\u00e9at acoustique peut \u00eatre atr\u00e9sique. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/Partial_external_auditory_canal_atresia_stenosis%5B1%5D.webp\" alt=\"St\u00e9nose du m\u00e9at acoustique externe\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">St\u00e9nose du m\u00e9at acoustique externe\u00a0\u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/8861ee9e-a330-4451-856d-1de6ead27805\/03218e75-4d1b-461d-bad0-7491688d7c97\/13f76b32-0af2-4df1-9885-2ff6746828a1\/c5ff75fa-9cbf-4f2a-9c5b-63213020bb11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le\u00a03D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"evaluation-audiologique\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9valuation audiologique <\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les examens audiologiques comprennent l\u2019audiom\u00e9trie tonale, l\u2019acoum\u00e9trie, les potentiels \u00e9voqu\u00e9s auditifs de latence courte et les oto\u00e9missions acoustiques. Leurs r\u00e9sultats permettent de d\u00e9terminer le type et le grade de surdit\u00e9. En cas d\u2019atr\u00e9sie isol\u00e9e du m\u00e9at acoustique, on constate une <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Surdit\u00e9 de transmission\" data-tooltip=\"La surdit\u00e9 de transmission est un type de perte auditive caus\u00e9 par une perturbation de la conduction des ondes sonores dans l&#039;oreille externe ou moyenne. Dans ce cas, l&#039;appareil de perception sonore, c&#039;est-\u00e0-dire l&#039;oreille interne (cochl\u00e9e) et le nerf vestibulo-cochl\u00e9aire, reste intact.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/surdite-de-transmission\/\">perte auditive de transmission<\/span>, allant de l\u00e9g\u00e8re \u00e0 s\u00e9v\u00e8re. Les deux oreilles sont examin\u00e9es. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"tdm-des-os-temporaux\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Tomodensitom\u00e9trie\" data-tooltip=\"La tomodensitom\u00e9trie est une technique de radiodiagnostic qui utilise des rayons X pour obtenir des images en coupe des organes et des tissus internes. C&#039;est une des m\u00e9thodes d&#039;imagerie principales de la m\u00e9decine moderne, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une grande capacit\u00e9 d&#039;information.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/tdm-tomodensitometrie\/\">TDM<\/span> des os temporaux <\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019examen a pour objectif de d\u00e9terminer le degr\u00e9 d\u2019atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif, l\u2019\u00e9tat des structures de l\u2019oreille moyenne et interne, le trajet du nerf facial ainsi que la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019autres anomalies. Les r\u00e9sultats de la TDM d\u00e9terminent les possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019une correction chirurgicale (score de Jahrsdoerfer, voir la section \u00ab\u00a0Traitement des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe\u00a0\u00bb). En cas de pathologie unilat\u00e9rale, cet examen n\u2019est pas recommand\u00e9 chez les enfants de moins de 6\u00a0ans en raison de l\u2019exposition \u00e9lev\u00e9e aux rayonnements et d\u2019une intervention chirurgicale diff\u00e9r\u00e9e. <\/p>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Retrouvez d\u2019autres contenus scientifiquement exacts sur nos m\u00e9dias sociaux<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Abonnez-vous et ne manquez pas les derni\u00e8res ressources<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"social-links-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"traitement-des-anomalies-du-developpement-de-l-oreille-externe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Traitement des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019oreille externe<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans le cadre du traitement des anomalies de l\u2019oreille externe, les techniques employ\u00e9es incluent une ectoproth\u00e8se, une audioproth\u00e8se ou une intervention chirurgicale, chacune adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 de la pathologie identifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"atresie-du-meat-acoustique-externe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Atr\u00e9sie du m\u00e9at acoustique externe<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"h-\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435-nbsp\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Audioproth\u00e8se <\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La st\u00e9nose du conduit auditif, qui entra\u00eene une perte auditive de transmission, peut \u00eatre compens\u00e9e par des appareils auditifs contour d\u2019oreille ou intra-auriculaires. Leur principe de fonctionnement est d\u2019amplifier le signal sonore pour le transmettre aux structures de l\u2019oreille moyenne. En cas d\u2019atr\u00e9sie compl\u00e8te des conduits auditifs et de perte auditive de transmission, des implants auditifs en conduction osseuse sont utilis\u00e9s. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un implant auditif en conduction osseuse se compose de deux parties. Le premier composant est un implant en titane qui est implant\u00e9 dans l\u2019os temporal. Pendant une p\u00e9riode prolong\u00e9e post-op\u00e9ratoire, l\u2019implant se recouvre de tissu osseux, indiquant ainsi son int\u00e9gration \u00e0 la structure osseuse. Le second composant est un processeur de son amovible qui se fixe sur l\u2019implant et capte les sons. Cet appareil sert \u00e0 transmettre le son de l\u2019environnement externe \u00e0 travers les os du cr\u00e2ne directement \u00e0 la cochl\u00e9e (conduction osseuse). <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour les enfants, l\u2019appareil est fix\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un bandeau \u00e9lastique. En cas d\u2019atr\u00e9sie bilat\u00e9rale totale, un appareillage auditif pr\u00e9coce (dans les\u00a03 \u00e0\u00a04\u00a0premiers mois de vie) est indispensable pour assurer un bon d\u00e9veloppement du langage et pr\u00e9venir les troubles de la parole. <\/p>\n<h4 id=\"h-\u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-nbsp\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00e9rapie chirurgicale <\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le traitement chirurgical de l\u2019atr\u00e9sie du m\u00e9at acoustique externe vise \u00e0 restaurer l\u2019anatomie de l\u2019oreille. Une m\u00e9atoplastie (ou canaloplastie) est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e, si n\u00e9cessaire en association avec une tympanoplastie, en une ou plusieurs \u00e9tapes. Lorsque la pathologie est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des malformations de l\u2019oreille moyenne, le praticien d\u00e9termine la tactique de traitement (y compris la d\u00e9cision d\u2019effectuer une ossiculoplastie).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indications<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>atr\u00e9sie bilat\u00e9rale du conduit auditif externe (totale ou partielle).<\/li>\n<li>fonction cochl\u00e9aire pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e (surdit\u00e9 de transmission)\u00a0; <\/li>\n<li>au moins 7\u00a0points selon le score de Jahrsdoerfer (r\u00e9sultat postop\u00e9ratoire le plus favorable\u00a0; 6\u00a0\u2013 valeur limite). Ce score repr\u00e9sente la somme des points (maximum\u00a010) attribu\u00e9s au patient en fonction des r\u00e9sultats de la TDM des os temporaux du c\u00f4t\u00e9 atteint. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Score de Jahrsdoerfer<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards table-accents\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de la structure anatomique\u00a0:<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Score<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Articulation incudo-mall\u00e9aire<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Articulation incudo-stap\u00e9dienne<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fen\u00eatre du vestibule ouverte<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fen\u00eatre de la cochl\u00e9e ouverte<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pneumatisation masto\u00efdienne<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pneumatisation de la cavit\u00e9 de l\u2019oreille moyenne<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oreille externe<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nerf facial<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stap\u00e8s<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contre-indications : <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>atr\u00e9sie unilat\u00e9rale\u00a0; <\/li>\n<li>\u00e2ge moins de 5-6 ans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Description \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape de la technique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On proc\u00e8de \u00e0 l\u2019exposition de l\u2019os temporal par voie r\u00e9tro-auriculaire ou ant\u00e9rieure (le fascia temporal est d\u00e9coll\u00e9 et pr\u00e9serv\u00e9). Un neuromonitoring continu du nerf facial est recommand\u00e9 tout au long de l\u2019intervention. Dans le cas d\u2019une atr\u00e9sie totale du conduit auditif, cr\u00e9er un nouveau conduit \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une fraise, en allant vers la cavit\u00e9 tympanique. Le fraisage du conduit auditif se poursuit jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un diam\u00e8tre de 12\u00a0mm. Les osselets pr\u00e9serv\u00e9s sont alors expos\u00e9s. Un greffon de cartilage donneur aminci et le fascia temporal sont positionn\u00e9s par-dessus le mall\u00e9us. Parall\u00e8lement, pr\u00e9lever un lambeau cutan\u00e9 complet \u00e0 la surface ant\u00e9rieure de la cuisse. Apr\u00e8s la cr\u00e9ation du nouveau conduit auditif, un lambeau cutan\u00e9 est appliqu\u00e9 sur toute sa circonf\u00e9rence, recouvrant l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 de l\u2019os mis \u00e0 nu et la n\u00e9o-membrane tympanique (fascia temporal).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de st\u00e9nose, dilater le conduit auditif au diam\u00e8tre n\u00e9cessaire. La peau est pr\u00e9alablement d\u00e9coll\u00e9e, puis appliqu\u00e9e contre les parois du canal ainsi form\u00e9. Un tamponnement serr\u00e9 du conduit auditif est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 pour une dur\u00e9e de\u00a010 \u00e0\u00a014\u00a0jours.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reconstruction de la voie anatomique de conduction a\u00e9rienne avec am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019audition. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complications et inconv\u00e9nients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rest\u00e9nose. Absence de gain auditif. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"microtie\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Microtie<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour les microties de grade III et IV, les ectoproth\u00e8ses (traitement non chirurgical) sont largement utilis\u00e9es. Cette m\u00e9thode consiste \u00e0 fabriquer une proth\u00e8se en silicone \u00e0 partir de moulages de l\u2019oreille saine, et \u00e0 la mettre en place au niveau de la malformation. L\u2019ectoproth\u00e8se est choisie de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 s\u2019harmoniser au mieux avec la couleur et la texture de la peau\u00a0; elle est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un adh\u00e9sif, de clips ou d\u2019aimants (ces derniers sont implant\u00e9s par voie intra-osseuse). Cette technique s\u2019adresse aux personnes de tout \u00e2ge, seule l\u2019intol\u00e9rance au mat\u00e9riel constitue une contre-indication. Son avantage majeur r\u00e9side dans la simplicit\u00e9 et la rapidit\u00e9 d\u2019ex\u00e9cution. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La correction chirurgicale des microties repose sur l\u2019auriculoplastie (reconstruction de l\u2019auricule). Pour restaurer l\u2019auricule, on utilise le propre cartilage du patient (autotransplantation) ou un mod\u00e8le d\u2019oreille en tissu synth\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indications\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Microtie de grade III \u00e0 IV. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contre-indications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019\u00e2ge minimal pour la chirurgie est de 5 \u00e0 6\u00a0ans. \u00c0 cet \u00e2ge, l\u2019oreille saine a presque atteint sa taille d\u00e9finitive (85\u00a0%), ce qui permet de mod\u00e9liser un greffon similaire. En outre, les cartilages costaux sont form\u00e9s en volume suffisant \u00e0 cet \u00e2ge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Description \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape de la technique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans le cadre d\u2019une autogreffe, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser un moulage de l\u2019oreille saine, sur la base duquel l\u2019auricule manquant sera ensuite mod\u00e9lis\u00e9. On pr\u00e9l\u00e8ve un fragment des 6e, 7e et 8e cartilages costaux avec p\u00e9richondre, sur une longueur de 7 \u00e0 9\u00a0cm. \u00c0 partir de ce tissu cartilagineux, une maquette de l\u2019auricule est fa\u00e7onn\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide de sutures appliqu\u00e9es dans diverses directions, afin de reproduire les reliefs anatomiques (h\u00e9lix, anth\u00e9lix, etc.). La peau de la r\u00e9gion temporale, \u00e0 l\u2019emplacement de l\u2019auricule pr\u00e9vu, est d\u00e9licatement d\u00e9coll\u00e9e des tissus sous-jacents. Ins\u00e9rer le transplant pr\u00e9form\u00e9 dans la poche form\u00e9e pour la prise de greffe.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s 3 \u00e0 4 mois, effectuer une incision le long du bord post\u00e9rieur de l\u2019h\u00e9lix, s\u00e9parer l\u2019auricule de la peau sur sa face m\u00e9diale, puis la mettre en position. Un greffon de peau totale, pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 au niveau de la cuisse, est appliqu\u00e9 sur la face post\u00e9rieure de l\u2019auricule ainsi form\u00e9 et sur la zone donneuse temporale. La r\u00e9gion r\u00e9tro-auriculaire est recouverte d\u2019un pansement compressif. Des pansements r\u00e9guliers sont effectu\u00e9s jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la cicatrisation compl\u00e8te. Si n\u00e9cessaire, la reconstruction du tragus et du m\u00e9at acoustique externe<br \/>\nest ensuite r\u00e9alis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas d\u2019utilisation d\u2019implants m\u00e9dicaux, ceux-ci sont positionn\u00e9s au niveau de l\u2019auricule pr\u00e9vu et recouverts d\u2019un lambeau cutan\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Auricule reconstruit, absence de pr\u00e9judice esth\u00e9tique visible. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complications et inconv\u00e9nients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il existe un risque de formation de cicatrices hypertrophiques et de d\u00e9formation du greffon. La cellulite et la <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Chondrite\" data-tooltip=\"La chondrite est une inflammation du tissu cartilagineux. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que le cartilage lui-m\u00eame est d\u00e9pourvu de vaisseaux sanguins (avasculaire), le processus inflammatoire se localise le plus souvent dans le p\u00e9rihondre (p\u00e9richondrite), qui assure son apport nutritionnel.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/chondrite\/\">chondrite<\/span> sont extr\u00eamement rares. Parmi les inconv\u00e9nients, on peut \u00e9galement citer la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une copie parfaite de l\u2019oreille saine.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"macrotie-oreille-decollee\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Macrotie, oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En cas de macrotie et d\u2019oreilles d\u00e9coll\u00e9es, une otoplastie est pratiqu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-correction-de-l-oreille-decollee\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Otorhinolaryngology\/Developmental%20anomalies%20of%20the%20external%20ear%20-%20types%2C%20causes%2C%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment\/correction-of-protruding-ears.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D\u00a0\u2013 correction de l\u2019oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indications\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Macrotie, oreille d\u00e9coll\u00e9e. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contre-indications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pathologie somatique associ\u00e9e, \u00e2ge inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 6\u00a0ans. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Description \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape de la technique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La peau est d\u00e9coll\u00e9e de la face post\u00e9rieure de l\u2019auricule. En fonction de l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019auricule, son cartilage est excis\u00e9 et\/ou sutur\u00e9 dans diverses directions, afin de lui donner les reliefs et la forme requis. L\u2019incision est ferm\u00e9e par une suture esth\u00e9tique. Un pansement compressif est appliqu\u00e9. Si n\u00e9cessaire, l\u2019intervention est r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e sur la seconde oreille. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Forme souhait\u00e9e de l\u2019auricule, absence de pr\u00e9judice esth\u00e9tique visible. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complications et inconv\u00e9nients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il existe un risque de formation de cicatrices hypertrophiques et de d\u00e9formation de l\u2019auricule. La cellulite et la chondrite sont extr\u00eamement rares. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"masses-parotidiennes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Masses parotidiennes<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les formations pr\u00e9-auriculaires (fistules, appendices) sont excis\u00e9es chirurgicalement. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indications\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Insatisfaction esth\u00e9tique. Inflammation r\u00e9cidivante du trajet fistulaire. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contre-indications<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pathologie somatique associ\u00e9e. Phase aig\u00fce de l\u2019inflammation de la fistule. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Description \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape de la technique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une fistule, une incision cutan\u00e9e p\u00e9ri-fistulaire est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e. La fistule est excis\u00e9e sur tout son trajet dans les limites des tissus sains. Dans certains cas, l\u2019injection d\u2019un agent de contraste (bleu de m\u00e9thyl\u00e8ne) peut \u00eatre envisag\u00e9e afin de pr\u00e9ciser sa localisation. Les bords de la plaie sont sutur\u00e9s. Les appendices sont retir\u00e9s au scalpel ou au laser. <\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Absence d\u2019anomalies anatomiques.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complications et inconv\u00e9nients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risque d\u2019ex\u00e9r\u00e8se incompl\u00e8te du trajet fistulaire pouvant conduire \u00e0 une infection secondaire. <\/p>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. Quels appareils auditifs utilise-t-on en cas de st\u00e9nose du conduit auditif\u00a0?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">En cas de st\u00e9nose du conduit auditif, des contours d\u2019oreille ou des appareils intra-auriculaires sont utilis\u00e9s. Ils amplifient le signal sonore et le transmettent aux structures de l\u2019oreille moyenne, compensant ainsi la surdit\u00e9 de transmission.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. Comment fonctionnent les implants auditifs \u00e0 conduction osseuse\u00a0?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">L\u2019implant auditif se compose de deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments\u00a0: un implant en titane, qui est ins\u00e9r\u00e9 dans l\u2019os temporal et fusionne progressivement avec le tissu osseux (ost\u00e9oint\u00e9gration), et un processeur de son, qui capte les sons et les transmet \u00e0 travers l\u2019os directement \u00e0 la cochl\u00e9e.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. Quelles sont les indications pour le traitement chirurgical de l\u2019atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif\u00a0?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La chirurgie est indiqu\u00e9e en cas d\u2019atr\u00e9sie bilat\u00e9rale du m\u00e9at acoustique externe (totale ou partielle), sous r\u00e9serve d\u2019une fonction cochl\u00e9aire pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e et d\u2019un score de Jahrsdoerfer \u00e9gal ou sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 7\u00a0points.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. Quelles sont les complications possibles apr\u00e8s le traitement chirurgical de l\u2019atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif\u00a0?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Les principales complications comprennent la rest\u00e9nose (r\u00e9cidive du r\u00e9tr\u00e9cissement du conduit auditif) et l\u2019absence d\u2019un gain auditif significatif.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"references\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology \u2013 Complete Anatomy and Pathology 3D Atlas [Internet] [VOKA 3D Anatomie et Pathologie \u2013 Atlas 3D complet d\u2019anatomie et de pathologie [Internet]. VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology (VOKA 3D Anatomie et Pathologie). <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse suivante\u00a0: https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Georgakopoulos B, Zafar Gondal A. Embryology, Ear Congenital Malformations [Embryologie, malformations cong\u00e9nitales de l\u2019oreille]. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL)\u00a0: StatPearls Publishing\u00a0; 2025 Jan-. PMID\u00a0: 31424840 <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK545256\/ <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Jeffrey Liaw, Vijay A. Patel, Michele M. Carr, Congenital anomalies of the external ear, Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [Anomalies cong\u00e9nitales de l\u2019oreille externe. Techniques op\u00e9ratoires en oto-rhino-laryngologie et chirurgie cervico-faciale], Volume 28, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 72-76, ISSN 1043-1810, doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otot.2017.03.012.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Sclafani AP, Dyleski RA, Pitman MJ, Schantz SP. Total otolaryngology\u2014head and neck surgery (Oto-rhino-laryngologie \u2013 chirurgie cervico-faciale). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2015. ISBN: 978-1-60406-646-3.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Luquetti DV, Heike CL, Hing AV, Cunningham ML, Cox TC. Microtia: epidemiology and genetics [Microtie\u00a0: \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique]. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Jan;158A(1):124-39. doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.34352. Epub 2011 Nov 21. PMID: 22106030; PMCID: PMC3482263<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Park H, Seong J, Park H, Yeo H. Standardized surgical strategy for the treatment of preauricular sinus to reduce recurrence [Strat\u00e9gie chirurgicale standardis\u00e9e pour le traitement des fistules pr\u00e9-auriculaires visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les r\u00e9cidives]. Arch Craniofac Surg. 2023 Oct;24(5):223-229. doi: doi.org\/10.7181\/acfs.2023.00423 Epub 2023 Oct 20. PMID: 37919909; PMCID: PMC10622947.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Andrews J, Kopacz AA, Hohman MH. Ear Microtia [Microtie de l\u2019oreille] [Internet]. StatPearls \u2013 NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK563243\/ <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;oreille externe sont des malformations cong\u00e9nitales de l&rsquo;auricule ou du conduit auditif externe. Les pathologies de ce groupe provoquent des troubles fonctionnels et esth\u00e9tiques qui entra\u00eenent un retard dans le d\u00e9veloppement de la parole et\/ou une insatisfaction avec son apparence physique. D\u00e9finition et classification des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;oreille [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[233],"class_list":["post-612","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-oto-rhino-laryngologie"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&#039;oreille externe\u00a0: types, causes, diagnostic et traitement<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&#039;oreille externe sont des malformations cong\u00e9nitales qui incluent la st\u00e9nose, la microtie, l&#039;atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif et d&#039;autres pathologies. D\u00e9couvrez-en les causes, les m\u00e9thodes de diagnostic et les approches modernes de traitement.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/maladies\/oto-rhino-laryngologie\/anomalies-congenitales-de-loreille-externe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&#039;oreille externe : sympt\u00f4mes, \u00e9volution et traitement\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de l&#039;oreille externe sont des malformations cong\u00e9nitales qui incluent la st\u00e9nose, la microtie, l&#039;atr\u00e9sie du conduit auditif et d&#039;autres pathologies. 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