{"id":1118,"date":"2025-09-01T19:37:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T16:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/anomalies-du-developpement-de-la-thyroide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T12:41:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T09:41:32","slug":"anomalies-du-developpement-de-la-thyroide","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/fr\/maladies\/endocriniennes\/anomalies-du-developpement-de-la-thyroide\/","title":{"rendered":"Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde : classification, manifestations cliniques, diagnostic et traitement&nbsp;&nbsp;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde constituent un groupe h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne de pathologies cong\u00e9nitales de la glande thyro\u00efde li\u00e9es \u00e0 un trouble de l\u2019embryogen\u00e8se.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/73d6d037-ac72-4aff-a23d-05bb31d465b4\/37ee4dfd-0ecb-40f2-97f5-5514a5941186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Mod\u00e8les 3D des<\/a> anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde :\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper carousel-swiper carousel-swiper-block_69e511476926e\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/left-thyroid-lobe-aplasia.webp\" alt=\"Aplasie du lobe gauche de la thyro\u00efde \"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Aplasie du lobe gauche de la thyro\u00efde <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/lingual-thyroid-ectopia.webp\" alt=\"Ectopie linguale de la thyro\u00efde\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Ectopie linguale de la thyro\u00efde<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/accessory-thyroid-lobe.webp\" alt=\"Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_69e511476926e\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_69e511476926e\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next-block_69e511476926e\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const imagesCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.carousel-swiper-block_69e511476926e', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_69e511476926e',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-next-block_69e511476926e',\n                prevEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_69e511476926e',\n            },\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"embryologie\"><strong>Embryologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>La mise en place de la thyro\u00efde f\u0153tale se produit \u00e0 la 3e-4e semaine de gestation \u00e0 partir de l\u2019endoderme entre la premi\u00e8re et la deuxi\u00e8me arcade branchiale, \u00e0 la base de la langue, et reste reli\u00e9e au pharynx par le canal thyroglosse. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 partir de la 5e semaine de gestation d\u00e9bute la migration du primordium thyro\u00efdien le long du canal thyroglosse, du foramen c\u00e6cum de la langue vers sa position d\u00e9finitive, en descendant selon la ligne m\u00e9diane.  Durant cette migration, la thyro\u00efde reste reli\u00e9e \u00e0 la langue par le canal thyroglosse qui s\u2019oblit\u00e8re compl\u00e8tement \u00e0 la 8e semaine de gestation. <\/p>\n<p>La division de la thyro\u00efde en lobes droit et gauche se produit \u00e0 la 5e semaine de gestation.  Parall\u00e8lement, \u00e0 cette m\u00eame p\u00e9riode, les corps ultimobranchiaux issus de la 4e et 5e arcade branchiale se forment et se diff\u00e9rencient ult\u00e9rieurement en cellules C parafolliculaires. <\/p>\n<p>Les corps ultimobranchiaux fusionnent avec la partie dorsolat\u00e9rale sup\u00e9rieure de la thyro\u00efde en d\u00e9veloppement pour former le tubercule de Zuckerkandl. \u00a0Les cellules C parafolliculaires se r\u00e9pandent ensuite dans la thyro\u00efde mais se concentrent essentiellement dans les r\u00e9gions sup\u00e9rolat\u00e9rales des lobes.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>Les cellules C matures s\u00e9cr\u00e8tent la calcitonine qui diminue la calc\u00e9mie en inhibant l\u2019activit\u00e9 des ost\u00e9oclastes. <\/p>\n<p>La diff\u00e9renciation et la maturation cellulaire se poursuivent de la 7e \u00e0 la 12e semaine de gestation, p\u00e9riode \u00e0 laquelle la thyro\u00efde atteint sa maturit\u00e9 fonctionnelle et commence la synth\u00e8se des hormones thyro\u00efdiennes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Tout trouble de l\u2019embryogen\u00e8se \u00e0 l\u2019un des stades d\u00e9crits ci-dessus entra\u00eene la formation d\u2019anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anatomie\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Anatomie<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>La thyro\u00efde est un organe endocrine situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la face ant\u00e9rieure du cou, en avant de la trach\u00e9e au niveau des vert\u00e8bres cervicales C5-Th1. Elle est constitu\u00e9e de deux lobes droit et gauche reli\u00e9s par un isthme. De l\u2019isthme peut partir vers la hyo\u00efde un fin prolongement appel\u00e9 lobe pyramidal.<\/p>\n<p>La thyro\u00efde est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 la trach\u00e9e par la ligament lat\u00e9rale ou ligament de Berry. \u00c0 la face post\u00e9rieure de chaque lobe existent des expansions pyramidales appel\u00e9es tubercules de Zuckerkandl, correspondant au site de fusion des corps ultimobranchiaux avec le tissu thyro\u00efdien.<\/p>\n<p>Avec le pharynx, l\u2019\u0153sophage et la trach\u00e9e, la thyro\u00efde est s\u00e9par\u00e9e des tissus voisins par la fascia pr\u00e9trach\u00e9ale. <\/p>\n<p>L\u2019art\u00e9rialisation est assur\u00e9e par les art\u00e8res thyro\u00efdiennes sup\u00e9rieures droite et gauche (branches des carotides externes) et les art\u00e8res thyro\u00efdiennes inf\u00e9rieures droite et gauche (branches du tronc thyro-cervical). Chez 5 % des individus existe \u00e9galement une art\u00e8re thyro\u00efdienne impaire <em>a. (thyroidea ima) <\/em>naissant du tronc brachio-c\u00e9phalique, de l\u2019art\u00e8re sous-clavi\u00e8re ou de la crosse aortique.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Le drainage veineux se fait par les plexus veineux vers les veines thyro\u00efdiennes sup\u00e9rieures et moyennes droite et gauche (dans les jugulaires internes) et les veines thyro\u00efdiennes inf\u00e9rieures (dans les veines brachio-c\u00e9phaliques).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Le drainage lymphatique passe par les ganglions pr\u00e9- et paratrach\u00e9aux, puis jugulaires, et enfin dans le canal lymphatique droit et le canal thoracique.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Innervation :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fibres sympathiques issues du ganglion cervical sup\u00e9rieur formant les nerfs thyro\u00efdiens sup\u00e9rieurs et inf\u00e9rieurs ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Innervation parasympathique par les branches des nerfs vagues droit et gauche (nerfs laryng\u00e9s sup\u00e9rieurs et r\u00e9currents).\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"classification-des-anomalies-du-developpement-de-la-thyroide\"><strong>Classification des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies de la thyro\u00efde<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aplasie ;<\/li>\n<li>Hypoplasie ;<\/li>\n<li>Ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie ;<\/li>\n<li>Ectopie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anomalies du canal thyr\u00e9oglosse\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kyste m\u00e9dian du cou ;\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dysgenesies-de-la-thyroide\"><strong>Dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies de la thyro\u00efde<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manifestations-cliniques-des-dysgenesies-de-la-thyroide\"><strong>Manifestations cliniques des dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies de la thyro\u00efde<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies thyro\u00efdiennes repr\u00e9sentent la pathologie endocrinienne cong\u00e9nitale la plus fr\u00e9quente, avec une incidence variant de 1\/4000 \u00e0 1\/7000 nouveau-n\u00e9s.  Selon les donn\u00e9es statistiques, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 85 % des hypothyro\u00efdies cong\u00e9nitales sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 une dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sie thyro\u00efdienne.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>Facteurs de risque identifi\u00e9s <strong><\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pr\u00e9disposition g\u00e9n\u00e9tique : mutations des g\u00e8nes TSHR, PAX8, FOXE1, NKX2-1 ; <\/li>\n<li>Infections intra-ut\u00e9rines ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Irradiation ionisante pendant la grossesse ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Exposition \u00e0 des toxiques chimiques ou m\u00e9dicaments pendant la grossesse ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Carence iod\u00e9e pendant la grossesse ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Pathologies auto-immunes maternelles avec hypothyro\u00efdie pendant la grossesse.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Les variantes de dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies thyro\u00efdiennes sont :\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/left-thyroid-lobe-aplasia.webp\" alt=\"Aplasie du lobe gauche de la thyro\u00efde\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aplasie du lobe gauche de la thyro\u00efde \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/73d6d037-ac72-4aff-a23d-05bb31d465b4\/37ee4dfd-0ecb-40f2-97f5-5514a5941186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aplasie<\/strong> \u2013 absence compl\u00e8te de la thyro\u00efde ou absence d\u2019un lobe (l\u2019h\u00e9miag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de la thyro\u00efde).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-aplasie-du-lobe-gauche-de-la-thyroide\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/aplasia-left-lobe-thyroid.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D \u2013 aplasie du lobe gauche de la thyro\u00efde<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>L\u2019aplasie thyro\u00efdienne est responsable du d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale. <\/p>\n<p>Le tableau clinique typique de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie chez le nouveau-n\u00e9 n\u2019est observ\u00e9 que dans 10 \u00e0 15 % des cas, ce qui est attribu\u00e9 au transfert transplacentaire de thyroxine maternelle. Les sympt\u00f4mes cliniques apparaissent progressivement au cours des 6 premi\u00e8res semaines, mais peuvent survenir plus pr\u00e9cocement dans les formes s\u00e9v\u00e8res.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p><strong>Les signes pr\u00e9coces de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie<\/strong>comprennent :\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u00e9thargie ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Difficult\u00e9s d\u2019alimentation ;\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Grandes fontanelles ant\u00e9rieure et post\u00e9rieure ; <\/li>\n<li>Hypotonie musculaire ;\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Hypothermie ;<\/li>\n<li>Ict\u00e8re prolong\u00e9 ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Cri faible ou rauque ; <\/li>\n<li>Constipation. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les signes tardifs<strong> typiques incluent <\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypoplasie des os de la face avec ensellure large et enfonc\u00e9e de la racine du nez (conf\u00e9rant un aspect renfrogn\u00e9 au visage) ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>\u0152d\u00e8me du visage, des l\u00e8vres et des paupi\u00e8res, macroglossie ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Bradycardie ; <\/li>\n<li>Hypotonie musculaire : abdomen pro\u00e9minent avec hernie \u00e9pigastrique, diastasis des droits de l\u2019abdomen ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Hypor\u00e9flexie ;<\/li>\n<li>Constipation fr\u00e9quente ;<\/li>\n<li>Peau froide, s\u00e8che, \u00e0 aspect marbr\u00e9 ;\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Cheveux secs et cassants, s\u00e9borrh\u00e9e du cuir chevelu, du front et des paupi\u00e8res ;<\/li>\n<li>Troubles respiratoires li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153d\u00e8me des muqueuses des voies a\u00e9riennes : stridor, respiration nasale difficile, cyanose du triangle nasolabial. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chez l\u2019enfant de plus de 5-6 mois, les signes de retard psychomoteur et intellectuel passent au premier plan.  On observe \u00e9galement un retard staturo-pond\u00e9ral responsable d\u2019une petite taille s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/3d-model-of-thyroid-hypoplasia.webp\" alt=\"Hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/73d6d037-ac72-4aff-a23d-05bb31d465b4\/8d4aca3a-6c7c-495b-8b77-e987dd7e8eca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hypoplasie<\/strong> \u2013 r\u00e9duction du volume et des dimensions de la thyro\u00efde li\u00e9e \u00e0 un sous-d\u00e9veloppement du tissu thyro\u00efdien.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-hypoplasie-de-la-thyroide\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/hypoplasia-thyroid-gland.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D \u2013 hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde\u00a0  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>L\u2019hypoplasie thyro\u00efdienne, tout comme l\u2019aplasie, est responsable du d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale. La gravit\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019insuffisance thyro\u00efdienne d\u00e9pend du degr\u00e9 de sous-d\u00e9veloppement du tissu thyro\u00efdien. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/3d-model-of-agenesis-of-isthmus-of-thyroid-gland.webp\" alt=\"Ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de l\u2019isthme thyro\u00efdien\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de l\u2019isthme thyro\u00efdien \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/73d6d037-ac72-4aff-a23d-05bb31d465b4\/f18c17b1-0846-4304-bd52-1c1445ff1670\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u00a0mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de l\u2019isthme<\/strong> \u2013 absence de l\u2019isthme thyro\u00efdien ; le lobe pyramidal est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement absent \u00e9galement.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-agenesie-de-l-isthme-thyroidien\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/agenesis-thyroid-isthmus.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D \u2013 ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de l\u2019isthme thyro\u00efdien<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cette anomalie du d\u00e9veloppement est en r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale asymptomatique et n\u2019est d\u00e9couverte que lors d\u2019une \u00e9chographie.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/lingual-thyroid-ectopia.webp\" alt=\"Ectopie linguale de la thyro\u00efde\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ectopie linguale de la thyro\u00efde \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/73d6d037-ac72-4aff-a23d-05bb31d465b4\/1ddccc82-f37f-48a9-9097-d81fc08367af\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ectopie thyro\u00efdienne<\/strong> \u2013 localisation atypique du tissu thyro\u00efdien. L\u2019ectopie linguale est la plus fr\u00e9quente, mais le tissu thyro\u00efdien peut exceptionnellement se retrouver dans des structures voisines (trach\u00e9e, larynx, m\u00e9diastin) ou \u00e9loign\u00e9es (intestin, ovaires).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animation-3d-ectopie-linguale-de-la-thyroide\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/lingual-ectopy-thyroid-gland.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animation 3D \u2013 ectopie linguale de la thyro\u00efde<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dans 7 \u00e0 10 % des cas, elle peut \u00eatre asymptomatique et n\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9e que par \u00e9chographie, TDM ou IRM.\u00a0  <\/p>\n<p>La majorit\u00e9 des cas d\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 70 %) entra\u00eene une hypothyro\u00efdie dont la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 clinique d\u00e9pend du degr\u00e9 de maturit\u00e9 du tissu thyro\u00efdien. <\/p>\n<p>Environ 20 % des cas s\u2019accompagnent d\u2019un hyperthyro\u00efdisme. Les sympt\u00f4mes <strong>typiques de thyrotoxicose<\/strong> comprennent :\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prise de poids malgr\u00e9 une diminution de l\u2019app\u00e9tit ; <\/li>\n<li>Bradycardie ; <\/li>\n<li>Faiblesse marqu\u00e9e et fatigabilit\u00e9 rapide ; <\/li>\n<li>Somnolence\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>\u0152d\u00e8me du visage et des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s ;<\/li>\n<li>Constipation\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e9cheresse cutan\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Outre les sympt\u00f4mes li\u00e9s au trouble de production hormonale, les patients porteurs d\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne pr\u00e9sentent des plaintes li\u00e9es \u00e0 la localisation anormale du tissu thyro\u00efdien.\u00a0  <\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, dans <strong>l\u2019ectopie linguale,<\/strong><strong>les signes fr\u00e9quents<\/strong> sont :\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Douleur pharyng\u00e9e ; <\/li>\n<li>Sensation de corps \u00e9tranger dans la gorge ;<\/li>\n<li>Toux ;<\/li>\n<li>Dysphagie ; <\/li>\n<li>Dysphonie;<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9ventuellement syndrome d\u2019apn\u00e9es du sommeil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En cas de traumatismes r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s, des h\u00e9morragies r\u00e9cidivantes, un abc\u00e8s ou, rarement (\u2264 1 %), une malignisation du tissu ectopique peuvent survenir.  <\/p>\n<p>Lors d\u2019ectopie dans la trach\u00e9e, le larynx ou le m\u00e9diastin, les patients peuvent se plaindre de dyspn\u00e9e, tachypn\u00e9e, cyanose du triangle nasolabial. Dans de rares cas, une obstruction des voies a\u00e9riennes peut entra\u00eener une asphyxie mortelle.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostic-des-dysgenesies-thyroidiennes\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Diagnostic des dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies thyro\u00efdiennes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anamn\u00e8se et examen clinique<\/strong>. \u00c0 l\u2019examen initial sont retrouv\u00e9s les signes caract\u00e9ristiques d\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou de thyrotoxicose ; la laryngoscopie dans l\u2019ectopie linguale permet de visualiser le tissu thyro\u00efdien sans recourir \u00e0 d\u2019autres m\u00e9thodes instrumentales.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bilan biologique<\/strong>. Dosage des hormones thyro\u00efdiennes \u2013 TSH, T4 libre et totale \u2013 pour \u00e9valuer la fonction thyro\u00efdienne et la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou de la thyrotoxicose.  \u00c9valuation compl\u00e9mentaire de la thyroglobuline (Tg), de la T3 libre et totale, des anticorps anti-TPO, anti-r\u00e9cepteur de la TSH et anti-thyroglobuline.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9thodes instrumentales d\u2019imagerie<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00c9chographie thyro\u00efdienne \u2013 permet de visualiser le tissu thyro\u00efdien. M\u00e9thode simple, s\u00fbre, utilisable \u00e0 tout \u00e2ge, tr\u00e8s sensible et sp\u00e9cifique. Efficacit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e pour le diagnostic d\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Scintigraphie (I123 ou Tc99m) \u2013 m\u00e9thode tr\u00e8s sensible et informative pour localiser et \u00e9valuer l\u2019activit\u00e9 fonctionnelle du tissu thyro\u00efdien.  Contre-indications : grossesse, allaitement, intol\u00e9rance au radiopharmaceutique, insuffisance r\u00e9nale\/h\u00e9patique s\u00e9v\u00e8re, fi\u00e8vre.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>TDM ou IRM.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"traitement-des-dysgenesies-thyroidiennes\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Traitement des dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies thyro\u00efdiennes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong><\/strong>Le traitement associe des mesures m\u00e9dicamenteuses et chirurgicales.<\/p>\n<p>Les formes asymptomatiques (ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie de l\u2019isthme en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) ne n\u00e9cessitent aucun traitement en l\u2019absence de trouble hormonal.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Traitement m\u00e9dicamenteux<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Traitement hormonal substitutif (THS) <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dans l\u2019aplasie, l\u2019hypoplasie et l\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne, le traitement de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale repose sur la l\u00e9vothyroxine sodique.  Un diagnostic et un traitement pr\u00e9coces sont cruciaux, car l\u2019insuffisance thyro\u00efdienne chez le nourrisson et le jeune enfant entra\u00eene des alt\u00e9rations irr\u00e9versibles du d\u00e9veloppement intellectuel et psychomoteur.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>La dose initiale de l\u00e9vothyroxine sodique est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e en fonction des besoins th\u00e9oriques de l\u2019organisme en thyroxine, selon l\u2019\u00e2ge :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nouveau-n\u00e9s :<\/strong> \u2013 10\u201315 \u00b5g\/kg\/j ;\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enfants : <\/strong> -2\u20132,5 \u00b5g\/kg\/j ;\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adultes : <\/strong> -1,5\u20131,6 \u00b5g\/kg\/j.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La posologie de thyroxine est ajust\u00e9e en fonction des taux d\u2019hormones thyro\u00efdiennes sanguines jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019obtention d\u2019un \u00e9tat euthyro\u00efdien.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Traitement de l\u2019hyperthyro\u00efdisme\u00a0 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>En cas d\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne avec hyperthyro\u00efdisme, un traitement antithyro\u00efdien est indiqu\u00e9. On utilise des thionamides (thiamazole, propylthiouracile) et des glucocortico\u00efdes. La posologie des m\u00e9dicaments est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e individuellement en fonction de la gravit\u00e9 de la thyrotoxicose. Chez les patients pr\u00e9sentant une tachycardie, l\u2019administration de b\u00eata-bloquants est indiqu\u00e9e afin de ralentir la fr\u00e9quence cardiaque et de r\u00e9duire le risque d\u2019arythmies. <\/p>\n<p>Un traitement par iode radioactif (IRI) peut \u00eatre envisag\u00e9 pour traiter la thyrotoxicose. L\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de l\u2019IRI ainsi que la dose du radiopharmaceutique sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es au cas par cas.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Th\u00e9rapie chirurgicale<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Indications \u00e0 la chirurgie de l\u2019ectopie thyro\u00efdienne :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00c9chec du traitement m\u00e9dical de la thyrotoxicose ; <\/li>\n<li>Sympt\u00f4mes compressifs (dysphagie, dysphonie, dyspn\u00e9e) ;<\/li>\n<li>Traumatismes r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s avec h\u00e9morragies ou abc\u00e9dation ;\u00a0  <\/li>\n<li>Tumeur b\u00e9nigne ou suspicion de malignit\u00e9. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>R\u00e9section compl\u00e8te du tissu ectopique dans des limites saines, suivie d\u2019un traitement substitutif par l\u00e9vothyroxine \u00e0 vie si le tissu ectopique constitue la seule source de tissu thyro\u00efdien fonctionnel ou si la thyro\u00efde en position normale est hypofonctionnelle.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anomalies-du-canal-thyroglosse\"><strong>Anomalies du canal thyroglosse <\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manifestations-cliniques\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Manifestations cliniques<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ce groupe d\u2019anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde r\u00e9sulte d\u2019une oblit\u00e9ration incompl\u00e8te du canal thyroglosse au cours de la vie embryonnaire. <\/p>\n<p>On distingue les variantes suivantes :<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/3d-model-of-thyroglossal-duct-cyst.webp\" alt=\"Kyste m\u00e9dian du cou ;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Kyste m\u00e9dian du cou \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/97a69952-d09f-4226-b7e1-d068476c0350\/07ebb226-6651-48c0-af71-477a4a52ffbd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kyste m\u00e9dian du cou<\/strong> \u2013 formation liquidienne non tumorale situ\u00e9e \u00e0 la face ant\u00e9rieure du cou, intimement li\u00e9e au corps de l\u2019os hyo\u00efde.\u00a0 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour les petites tailles, asymptomatique.  Chez les patients porteurs de kystes de plus de 5 mm, la plainte typique est la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une formation arrondie \u00e9lastique m\u00e9diane au niveau du cou, mobile \u00e0 la d\u00e9glutition et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement indolore.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>Dans 20 \u00e0 60 % des cas, une infection du kyste est possible, se manifestant par :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Augmentation du volume du kyste ;\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Douleur locale ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9ryth\u00e8me cutan\u00e9 local ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9ventuelle fi\u00e8vre ; <\/li>\n<li>\u00c9ventuelle fistulisation cutan\u00e9e \u00e0 la face ant\u00e9rieure du cou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans de rares cas (1\u20132 %), une malignisation est possible.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/thyroid-gland-developmental-anomalies\/accessory-thyroid-lobe.webp\" alt=\"Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/507c9956-4819-40fb-9af0-909073da966a\/97a69952-d09f-4226-b7e1-d068476c0350\/1a8a15c9-f308-4e21-b83b-4c59cf568307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">mod\u00e8le 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde<\/strong> \u2013 pr\u00e9sence, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019une thyro\u00efde normalement positionn\u00e9e, d\u2019un fragment s\u00e9par\u00e9 de tissu thyro\u00efdien non reli\u00e9 \u00e0 la glande principale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans la majorit\u00e9 des cas, le lobe accessoire (aberrant) est asymptomatique et d\u00e9couvert lors d\u2019une \u00e9chographie de routine. <\/p>\n<p>En cas de volume important, <strong>des signes de compression des organes voisins apparaissent<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sensation de corps \u00e9tranger dans la gorge ;<\/li>\n<li>Dysphagie ;<\/li>\n<li>Dysphonie ; <\/li>\n<li>Dyspn\u00e9e.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un hyperthyro\u00efdisme peut survenir par autonomie fonctionnelle du lobe aberrant, avec les sympt\u00f4mes cliniques classiques.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostic-des-anomalies-du-canal-thyroglosse\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Diagnostic des anomalies du canal thyroglosse\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les m\u00eames m\u00e9thodes biologiques et d\u2019imagerie que pour les dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies thyro\u00efdiennes sont utilis\u00e9es. <\/p>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Retrouvez d\u2019autres contenus scientifiquement exacts sur nos m\u00e9dias sociaux<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Abonnez-vous et ne manquez pas les derni\u00e8res ressources<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"social-links-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"traitement-des-anomalies-du-canal-thyroglosse\"><strong><\/strong><strong>Traitement des anomalies du canal thyroglosse\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les kystes m\u00e9dians du cou rel\u00e8vent d\u2019un traitement chirurgical. L\u2019ex\u00e9r\u00e8se isol\u00e9e du kyste est actuellement consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme inefficace en raison du risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de r\u00e9cidive (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 50 % selon certains auteurs).\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>Le gold standard chirurgical est la r\u00e9section de Sistrunk. La technique consiste en l\u2019ex\u00e9r\u00e8se non seulement de la cavit\u00e9 kystique, mais \u00e9galement de la r\u00e9section du corps de l\u2019os hyo\u00efde (auquel le kyste adh\u00e8re \u00e9troitement) et, en cas de persistance du trajet thyroglosse sur toute sa longueur, en l\u2019ex\u00e9r\u00e8se des tissus jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la base de la langue. Le risque de r\u00e9cidive apr\u00e8s technique de Sistrunk est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 10 %.  <\/p>\n<p>Un lobe accessoire asymptomatique ne n\u00e9cessite aucun traitement. En cas de sympt\u00f4mes compressifs et\/ou d\u2019hyperthyro\u00efdisme par autonomie fonctionnelle (hyperfixation du traceur scintigraphique sur le lobe accessoire avec fixation normale ou diminu\u00e9e de la thyro\u00efde principale), une ex\u00e9r\u00e8se chirurgicale du lobe aberrant est indiqu\u00e9e.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. Qu\u2019est-ce que l\u2019hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">L\u2019hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde est une anomalie cong\u00e9nitale dans laquelle la glande n\u2019atteint pas sa taille normale et reste trop petite, ce qui peut perturber sa fonction et entra\u00eener une hypothyro\u00efdie.  En cas d\u2019hypoplasie unilat\u00e9rale, le lobe controlat\u00e9ral peut \u00eatre normal ou l\u00e9g\u00e8rement hypertrophi\u00e9 (hypertrophie vicariante) pour compenser. La fonction endocrine peut rester normale ou \u00eatre alt\u00e9r\u00e9e avec d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une hypothyro\u00efdie. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. Quelles sont les causes des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Facteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques (mutations de g\u00e8nes sp\u00e9cifiques) et environnementaux : infections intra-ut\u00e9rines, irradiation ionisante, carence iod\u00e9e, toxiques ou m\u00e9dicaments pendant la grossesse.\u00a0  La survenue de ces anomalies peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre influenc\u00e9e par des maladies auto-immunes maternelles.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. Quels examens diagnostiquent ces anomalies ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Le diagnostic repose sur l\u2019\u00e9chographie thyro\u00efdienne, la scintigraphie, le TDM et l\u2019IRM pour la visualisation du tissu thyro\u00efdien, ainsi que sur des dosages biologiques des hormones thyro\u00efdiennes afin d\u2019\u00e9valuer la fonction thyro\u00efdienne et la gravit\u00e9 de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou de la thyrotoxicose.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. Comment traite-t-on ces anomalies ? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Le traitement associe une prise en charge m\u00e9dicamenteuse (hormonoth\u00e9rapie substitutive par l\u00e9vothyroxine en cas d\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou antithyro\u00efdiens en cas d\u2019hyperthyro\u00efdisme) et chirurgicale (ex\u00e9r\u00e8se d\u2019un lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde ou d\u2019un kyste m\u00e9dian du cou).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n    \"mainEntity\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Qu\u2019est-ce que l\u2019hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde ?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"L\u2019hypoplasie de la thyro\u00efde est une anomalie cong\u00e9nitale dans laquelle la glande n\u2019atteint pas sa taille normale et reste trop petite, ce qui peut perturber sa fonction et entra\u00eener une hypothyro\u00efdie.  En cas d\u2019hypoplasie unilat\u00e9rale, le lobe controlat\u00e9ral peut \u00eatre normal ou l\u00e9g\u00e8rement hypertrophi\u00e9 (hypertrophie vicariante) pour compenser. La fonction endocrine peut rester normale ou \u00eatre alt\u00e9r\u00e9e avec d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une hypothyro\u00efdie. \"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Quelles sont les causes des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde ?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Facteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques (mutations de g\u00e8nes sp\u00e9cifiques) et environnementaux : infections intra-ut\u00e9rines, irradiation ionisante, carence iod\u00e9e, toxiques ou m\u00e9dicaments pendant la grossesse.\u00a0  La survenue de ces anomalies peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre influenc\u00e9e par des maladies auto-immunes maternelles.\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Quels examens diagnostiquent ces anomalies ?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Le diagnostic repose sur l\u2019\u00e9chographie thyro\u00efdienne, la scintigraphie, le TDM et l\u2019IRM pour la visualisation du tissu thyro\u00efdien, ainsi que sur des dosages biologiques des hormones thyro\u00efdiennes afin d\u2019\u00e9valuer la fonction thyro\u00efdienne et la gravit\u00e9 de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou de la thyrotoxicose.\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Comment traite-t-on ces anomalies ? \",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Le traitement associe une prise en charge m\u00e9dicamenteuse (hormonoth\u00e9rapie substitutive par l\u00e9vothyroxine en cas d\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie ou antithyro\u00efdiens en cas d\u2019hyperthyro\u00efdisme) et chirurgicale (ex\u00e9r\u00e8se d\u2019un lobe accessoire de la thyro\u00efde ou d\u2019un kyste m\u00e9dian du cou).\"\n            }\n        }\n    ]\n}<\/script><\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"references\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Catalogue VOKA. <\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/ <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Mutation of the gene encoding human TTF-2 associated with thyroid agenesis, cleft palate and choanal atresia [Mutation du g\u00e8ne codant pour TTF-2 humain associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une ag\u00e9n\u00e9sie thyro\u00efdienne, une fente palatine et une atr\u00e9sie des choanes](R.J. Clifton-Bligh, J.M. Wentworth, P. Heinz, M.S. Crisp, R. John, J.H. Lazarus, M. Ludgate, V.K. Chatterjee).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Anatomy, Head and Neck, Thyroid [Anatomie de la t\u00eate et du cou : thyro\u00efde](Evan Allen; Abbey Fingeret).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Peterkova, V. A., Bezlepkina, O. B., Shiriaeva, T. Yu., Vadina, T. A., Nagaeva, E. V., Chikulaeva, O. A., Shreder, E. V., Konyukhova, M. B., Makretskaya, N. A., Shestopalova, E. A., & Mit\u2019kina, V. B. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii \u00abVrozhdennyy gipotireoz\u00bb [Recommandations cliniques \u00ab Hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale \u00bb]<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Congenital Hypothyroidism\u00a0[Hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale]  (Sasigarn A. Bowden; Marina Goldis). <\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Thyroglossal Duct Cyst [Kyste du canal thyr\u00e9oglosse](Janine Amos; Carl Shermetaro). <\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and other causes of Thyrotoxicosis [Recommandations 2016 de l\u2019American Thyroid Association pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de l\u2019hyperthyro\u00efdie et des autres causes de thyrotoxicose]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement (2014).[Recommandations pour le traitement de l\u2019hypothyro\u00efdie : \u00e9labor\u00e9es par le groupe de travail de l\u2019American Thyroid Association sur le remplacement hormonal thyro\u00efdien]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde constituent un groupe h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne de pathologies cong\u00e9nitales de la glande thyro\u00efde li\u00e9es \u00e0 un trouble de l\u2019embryogen\u00e8se.\u00a0\u00a0 Mod\u00e8les 3D des anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde :\u00a0 Embryologie La mise en place de la thyro\u00efde f\u0153tale se produit \u00e0 la 3e-4e semaine de gestation \u00e0 partir de l\u2019endoderme [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[319],"class_list":["post-1118","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-endocriniennes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde : manifestations cliniques, diagnostic et traitement\u00a0\u00a0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Anomalies du d\u00e9veloppement de la thyro\u00efde : revue d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des dysg\u00e9n\u00e9sies et des anomalies thyroglossales. 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