{"id":7304,"date":"2026-06-11T10:14:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T07:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/herpes-zoster\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T14:05:08","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:05:08","slug":"herpes-zoster","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/es\/glosario\/herpes-zoster\/","title":{"rendered":"Herpes z\u00f3ster"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

El herpes z\u00f3ster (del gr. zoster<\/em> \u2014 cintur\u00f3n) es una enfermedad viral, caracterizada por la aparici\u00f3n de erupciones cut\u00e1neas agrupadas y dolorosas. <\/p>\n\n

No se debe a una infecci\u00f3n primaria, sino a la reactivaci\u00f3n local del virus de varicela-zoster (Varicella-zoster virus<\/em>), que antes permanec\u00eda latente en el cuerpo humano durante a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n\n

Etiolog\u00eda y fisiopatolog\u00eda<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Durante la infecci\u00f3n primaria (generalmente en la ni\u00f1ez) el virus causa la varicela cl\u00e1sica. Despu\u00e9s de la recuperaci\u00f3n, el agente pat\u00f3geno no abandona el cuerpo. A lo largo de las fibras nerviosas, asciende y se aloja permanentemente en los ganglios nerviosos sensoriales (ganglios dorsales) o en los n\u00facleos de los nervios craneales. All\u00ed entra en un estado latente (adormecido), siendo controlado por las c\u00e9lulas del sistema inmunitario.<\/p>\n\n

Con la edad (usualmente despu\u00e9s de los 50 a\u00f1os) o en el contexto de la reducci\u00f3n de las defensas del organismo, el virus \u00abdespierta\u00bb, empieza a multiplicarse activamente y desce por el ax\u00f3n del nervio afectado hacia la piel. Este proceso provoca un da\u00f1o en la epidermis en la zona de inervaci\u00f3n de dicho nervio.<\/p>\n\n

Las condiciones que provocan la reactivaci\u00f3n del virus incluyen:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • estr\u00e9s<\/strong> \u2014 intensa tensi\u00f3n psicoemocional o f\u00edsica;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • hipotermia<\/strong> \u2014 la exposici\u00f3n a bajas temperaturas en el organismo;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • oncolog\u00eda<\/strong> \u2014 presencia de neoplasias malignas;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • infecci\u00f3n por VIH<\/strong> \u2014 afectaci\u00f3n viral del sistema inmunitario;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • uso de corticosteroides<\/strong> \u2014 uso prolongado de medicamentos hormonales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Importancia cl\u00ednica<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Antes de la aparici\u00f3n del exantema (per\u00edodo prodr\u00f3mico), algunos pacientes pueden experimentar dolor a lo largo del nervio afectado. Luego, en esa \u00e1rea aparecen enrojecimiento y ves\u00edculas caracter\u00edsticas.<\/p>\n\n

    El principal signo cl\u00ednico del herpes z\u00f3ster es la estricta unilateralidad y linealidad de las erupciones (siguen una l\u00ednea a lo largo del nervio, sin cruzar la l\u00ednea media del cuerpo). Para el tratamiento (en las primeras 72 horas) se utilizan medicamentos antivirales espec\u00edficos (aciclovir, valaciclovir).<\/p>\n\n

    La complicaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s com\u00fan y grave es la neuralgia postherp\u00e9tica: dolor agudo, inestable o constante de intensidad variable, que puede persistir meses o a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de la completa cicatrizaci\u00f3n de la piel en el \u00e1rea afectada.<\/p>\n\n

    Para el manejo del dolor, generalmente se emplea:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • gabapentina y pregabalina<\/strong> \u2014 anticonvulsivos (anticonvulsivos);<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • antidepresivos c\u00edclicos<\/strong> \u2014 f\u00e1rmacos para modular la respuesta al dolor;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • inyecciones de toxina botul\u00ednica<\/strong> \u2014 administraciones locales para reducir la intensidad del dolor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      El herpes z\u00f3ster (del gr. zoster<\/em> \u2014 cintur\u00f3n) es una enfermedad viral, caracterizada por la aparici\u00f3n de erupciones cut\u00e1neas agrupadas y dolorosas. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-7304","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHerpes z\u00f3ster: definici\u00f3n m\u00e9dica y descripci\u00f3n | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El herpes z\u00f3ster (del gr. zoster \u2014 cintur\u00f3n) es una enfermedad viral, caracterizada por la aparici\u00f3n de erupciones cut\u00e1neas agrupadas y dolorosas.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/es\/glosario\/herpes-zoster\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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