{"id":970,"date":"2025-07-29T09:57:46","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T06:57:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/cirroz-pecheni\/"},"modified":"2026-07-20T17:46:26","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T14:46:26","slug":"cirrosis","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/es\/enfermedades\/hepaticas\/cirrosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica: Etiolog\u00eda, manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas, diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica es una lesi\u00f3n generalizada del h\u00edgado caracterizada por la presencia de necrosis del par\u00e9nquima, fibrosis difusa, aparici\u00f3n de zonas anormales de regeneraci\u00f3n del tejido hep\u00e1tico, lo que provoca una alteraci\u00f3n de la estructura externa e interna del h\u00edgado, as\u00ed como un deterioro de su funci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"clasificacion-de-la-cirrosis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n de la cirrosis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica puede clasificarse seg\u00fan la presencia de alteraciones estructurales y los estadios de compensaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seg\u00fan la presencia de alteraciones estructurales<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Micronodular (n\u00f3dulos de di\u00e1metro entre 3 mm y 1 cm);<\/li>\n<li>Macronodular (n\u00f3dulos de di\u00e1metro superior a 1 cm);<\/li>\n<li>Mixta;<\/li>\n<li>Biliar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/1c16d781-5752-45cb-b117-892b748f62eb\/d1731c97-3c30-4fea-b42b-588241d49ef4\/82af969a-2464-48b5-8ec6-e76a88ff721c\/44a0c6b0-bd1b-46f1-af48-6e4d88a45e29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelos 3D<\/a> de formas de cirrosis hep\u00e1tica seg\u00fan la presencia de alteraciones estructurales:<\/p>\n<div class=\"carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper carousel-swiper carousel-swiper-block_6a6bacdf77fa1\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/micronodular-cirrhosis-of-liver.webp\" alt=\"Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica micronodular\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica micronodular<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/macronodular-cirrhosis-of-liver.webp\" alt=\"Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica macronodular\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica macronodular<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/mixed-cirrhosis-of-liver.webp\" alt=\"Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica mixta\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica mixta<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/biliary-cirrhosis-of-liver.webp\" alt=\"Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica biliar\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica biliar<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a6bacdf77fa1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a6bacdf77fa1\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a6bacdf77fa1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const imagesCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.carousel-swiper-block_6a6bacdf77fa1', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_6a6bacdf77fa1',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-next-block_6a6bacdf77fa1',\n                prevEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_6a6bacdf77fa1',\n            },\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seg\u00fan los estadios de compensaci\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compensada;<\/li>\n<li>Subcompensada;<\/li>\n<li>Descompensada;<\/li>\n<li>Terminal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tambi\u00e9n existe una clasificaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica que considera las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas y de laboratorio (la de Child-Pugh).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n de Child-Pugh para la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Par\u00e1metro cl\u00ednico<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1 punto<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2 puntos<\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">3 puntos<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Ascitis<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><em>no<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Leve (responde al tratamiento m\u00e9dico conservador)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Grave (no responde al tratamiento m\u00e9dico conservador)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Alb\u00famina s\u00e9rica (g\/dl)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">>35<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">28-35<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">INR (Raz\u00f3n Normalizada Internacional)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><1,7<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1,7-2,3<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">>2,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Bilirrubina total (\u00b5mol\/l)<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><34<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">34-51<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">>51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Encefalopat\u00eda hep\u00e1tica<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Grado I-II<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Grado III-IV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Resultados:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5-6 puntos: cirrosis compensada (clase A);<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7-9 puntos: cirrosis subcompensada (clase B);<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10-12 puntos: cirrosis descompensada \/ cirrosis terminal (clase C).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"etiologia-de-la-cirrosis-hepatica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Etiolog\u00eda de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seg\u00fan los datos de la Asociaci\u00f3n Europea para el Estudio del H\u00edgado, aproximadamente el 40 % de los trasplantes hep\u00e1ticos realizados en Europa se deben a la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica de etiolog\u00eda viral (hepatitis B, C y D), el 33 % a la cirrosis de etiolog\u00eda alcoh\u00f3lica y el 5 % a una combinaci\u00f3n de ambas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adem\u00e1s, la presencia de enfermedades autoinmunes o el efecto t\u00f3xico de algunos f\u00e1rmacos y venenos sist\u00e9micos que da\u00f1an el tejido hep\u00e1tico contribuyen al desarrollo de cirrosis biliar, secundaria a la alteraci\u00f3n del flujo biliar a trav\u00e9s del sistema de conductos intrahep\u00e1ticos y extrahep\u00e1ticos.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"patogenesis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Patog\u00e9nesis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El desarrollo de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica se basa en la lesi\u00f3n directa del lobulillo hep\u00e1tico (unidad estructural y funcional del h\u00edgado) provocada por uno de los factores etiol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/liver-lobule-acinus.webp\" alt=\"Lobulillo hep\u00e1tico (acino)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lobulillo hep\u00e1tico (acino): <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/50d0ca36-c7c5-4ba0-bbd0-6cbcb5bb4c1a\/dda42b00-3504-421c-bcde-34bba6293593\/70111c28-ac18-43a2-9ac9-401ad1325779\/eb576ab3-0e26-43db-97c2-dd0693ea3cd4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El proceso de lesi\u00f3n hep\u00e1tica es prolongado y puede extenderse durante meses o incluso a\u00f1os. Como resultado de esta lesi\u00f3n, se forman \u00e1reas de necrosis en el par\u00e9nquima hep\u00e1tico. Alrededor de estas \u00e1reas de necrosis, se desarrollan zonas (n\u00f3dulos) de regeneraci\u00f3n e inflamaci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica, que evolucionan hacia la fibrosis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A su vez, estos n\u00f3dulos de regeneraci\u00f3n comprimen los tractos biliares, lo que provoca congesti\u00f3n venosa hep\u00e1tica y conduce al desarrollo de hipertensi\u00f3n portal.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/structure-of-liver-tissue-lobules-periportal-tracts.webp\" alt=\"Estructura del tejido hep\u00e1tico (lobulillos y tractos periportales)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Estructura del tejido hep\u00e1tico (lobulillos y tractos periportales): <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/50d0ca36-c7c5-4ba0-bbd0-6cbcb5bb4c1a\/dda42b00-3504-421c-bcde-34bba6293593\/70111c28-ac18-43a2-9ac9-401ad1325779\/73b996c9-4a29-4125-b666-75bee0627f57\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"manifestaciones-clinicas-de-la-cirrosis-hepatica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En las etapas iniciales de su evoluci\u00f3n, la enfermedad puede cursar de forma asintom\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A medida que la enfermedad progresa, pueden diferenciarse las siguientes manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas: <\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>S\u00edndrome general<\/strong> caracterizado por debilidad, cefalea, n\u00e1useas, fiebre, artralgia, sensaci\u00f3n de sabor amargo en la boca, astenia y dolor abdominal intermitente;<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00edndrome ict\u00e9rico<\/strong> secundario a la colestasis intrahep\u00e1tica (alteraci\u00f3n del flujo biliar, aumento de la concentraci\u00f3n de bilirrubina directa en sangre y aumento de la concentraci\u00f3n de \u00e1cidos biliares). El aumento de la concentraci\u00f3n de \u00e1cidos biliares en sangre se manifiesta cl\u00ednicamente como prurito;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hepatomegalia<\/strong> y <strong>esplenomegalia<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00edndrome de hipertensi\u00f3n portal<\/strong> caracter\u00edstico de la fase de descompensaci\u00f3n. Se define por el aumento de la presi\u00f3n en el sistema de la vena porta. Las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas del s\u00edndrome de hipertensi\u00f3n portal incluyen: ascitis, varices esof\u00e1gicas, varices rectales y la dilataci\u00f3n de las venas de la pared abdominal anterior. Con frecuencia, las varices pueden provocar hemorragias.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/hepatology\/hepatic-cirrhosis\/abdomen-appearance-in-liver-cirrhosis-ascites-vascular-dilation-of-abdominal-wall-veinswebp\" alt=\"Aspecto cl\u00ednico del abdomen de un paciente con cirrosis hep\u00e1tica: presencia de ascitis y dilataci\u00f3n de las venas de la pared abdominal anterior\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aspecto cl\u00ednico del abdomen de un paciente con cirrosis hep\u00e1tica: presencia de ascitis y dilataci\u00f3n de las venas de la pared abdominal anterior: <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/1c16d781-5752-45cb-b117-892b748f62eb\/d1731c97-3c30-4fea-b42b-588241d49ef4\/82af969a-2464-48b5-8ec6-e76a88ff721c\/fb7cfe13-5011-48b1-8e48-1f623b7ce18f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>S\u00edndrome doloroso<\/strong> secundario a la disquinesia biliar;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Encefalopat\u00eda hep\u00e1tica<\/strong> vinculada a la concentraci\u00f3n alta prolongada de bilirrubina directa. Esta, al atravesar la barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica, da\u00f1a las c\u00e9lulas cerebrales;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alteraci\u00f3n de las funciones<\/strong> sint\u00e9tica y protectora <strong>del h\u00edgado<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Es fundamental comprender que la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica presenta una evoluci\u00f3n por estadios y que sus manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas cambian progresivamente a medida que la enfermedad avanza. As\u00ed, durante el estadio de descompensaci\u00f3n y el estadio terminal de la enfermedad, el proceso patol\u00f3gico no solo afecta al sistema hepatobiliar, sino que tambi\u00e9n compromete otros sistemas del organismo (el urinario, el digestivo, el nervioso y el cardiovascular, entre otros).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"diagnostico-de-la-cirrosis-hepatica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diagn\u00f3stico de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El diagn\u00f3stico de la enfermedad se basa en las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas, la identificaci\u00f3n del factor etiol\u00f3gico, as\u00ed como en los hallazgos obtenidos mediante los m\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n instrumentales y de laboratorio.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"metodos-de-investigacion-instrumentales\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n instrumentales<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ecograf\u00eda (fibroelastometr\u00eda) y ecograf\u00eda Doppler para evaluar el flujo sangu\u00edneo en el sistema de la vena porta;<\/li>\n<li>Tomograf\u00eda computarizada (TC) y <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"IRM (imagen por resonancia magn\u00e9tica)\" data-tooltip=\"La imagen por resonancia magn\u00e9tica (IRM) es una t\u00e9cnica moderna no invasiva de diagn\u00f3stico por imagen que permite obtener im\u00e1genes seccionales de \u00f3rganos y tejidos internos con un alto nivel de detalle. Se basa en el fen\u00f3meno de la resonancia magn\u00e9tica nuclear. La ventaja clave de la IRM es la ausencia de radiaci\u00f3n ionizante.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/es\/glosario\/irm\/\">resonancia magn\u00e9tica<\/span> (RM);<\/li>\n<li>Biopsia hep\u00e1tica;<\/li>\n<li>Esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD);<\/li>\n<li>Radiograf\u00eda simple de abdomen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"metodos-de-investigacion-de-laboratorio\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n de laboratorio<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Detecci\u00f3n de anticuerpos contra los virus de las hepatitis B, C, D y E;<\/li>\n<li>Determinaci\u00f3n de alfafetoprote\u00edna s\u00e9rica;<\/li>\n<li>An\u00e1lisis bioqu\u00edmico de sangre (perfil hep\u00e1tico);<\/li>\n<li>Hemograma completo;<\/li>\n<li>Coagulograma;<\/li>\n<li>An\u00e1lisis de orina;<\/li>\n<li>Determinaci\u00f3n de electrolitos.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Encuentra m\u00e1s contenido cient\u00edficamente preciso en nuestras redes sociales<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Suscr\u00edbete y no te pierdas los \u00faltimos recursos<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"banner-icons-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"tratamiento-de-la-cirrosis-hepatica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tratamiento de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El tratamiento de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica debe ser integral e incluir las siguientes medidas:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abstinencia de bebidas alcoh\u00f3licas;<\/li>\n<li>Dieta (plan de alimentaci\u00f3n hep\u00e1tico), correcci\u00f3n del desequilibrio de electrolitos (sodio, potasio y cloro) y correcci\u00f3n del desequilibrio proteico;<\/li>\n<li>Limitaci\u00f3n del uso de f\u00e1rmacos hepatot\u00f3xicos.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"terapia-farmacologica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Terapia farmacol\u00f3gica<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Terapia de infusi\u00f3n (en presencia de s\u00edntomas de intoxicaci\u00f3n);<\/li>\n<li>Tratamiento con \u00e1cido ursodesoxic\u00f3lico;<\/li>\n<li>S-adenosil-L-metionina;<\/li>\n<li>Glucocorticosteroides;<\/li>\n<li>Prevenci\u00f3n de complicaciones hemorr\u00e1gicas;<\/li>\n<li>Tratamiento diur\u00e9tico;<\/li>\n<li>Tratamiento dirigido a la eliminaci\u00f3n de los virus hepatotropos;<\/li>\n<li>Tratamiento de la patolog\u00eda concomitante.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las opciones quir\u00fargicas incluyen la paracentesis (laparocentesis) y el trasplante hep\u00e1tico.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Las indicaciones para el trasplante hep\u00e1tico<\/strong> incluyen: <\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Presencia de un proceso patol\u00f3gico irreversible con una supervivencia estimada inferior a 12 meses;<\/li>\n<li>Falta de respuesta al tratamiento m\u00e9dico conservador;<\/li>\n<li>Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica progresiva, cuando la supervivencia esperada sin trasplante es inferior a la supervivencia estimada tras el trasplante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica en t\u00e9rminos sencillos?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica es la fase avanzada de diversas enfermedades cr\u00f3nicas del h\u00edgado, en la que las c\u00e9lulas hep\u00e1ticas normales son reemplazadas por tejido cicatricial fibroso, lo que altera todas las funciones del \u00f3rgano.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. \u00bfC\u00f3mo se manifiesta la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica puede manifestarse por fatiga cr\u00f3nica, n\u00e1useas, sensaci\u00f3n de sabor amargo en la boca, dolor abdominal (localizado principalmente en el hipocondrio derecho), ictericia (coloraci\u00f3n amarillenta de la piel y los ojos), ascitis (acumulaci\u00f3n de l\u00edquido libre en la cavidad peritoneal que provoca un aumento del per\u00edmetro abdominal), as\u00ed como aumento del tama\u00f1o del h\u00edgado y del bazo. En las etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, se desarrollan complicaciones m\u00e1s graves, como encefalopat\u00eda hep\u00e1tica, hemorragias e insuficiencia hep\u00e1tica progresiva, que pueden tener un desenlace fatal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. \u00bfSe puede curar la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica generalmente no es reversible. Sin embargo, en etapas tempranas, mediante una alimentaci\u00f3n adecuada y un seguimiento m\u00e9dico correcto, es posible ralentizar la progresi\u00f3n de la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad y la expectativa de vida.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. \u00bfC\u00f3mo se determina la presencia de cirrosis hep\u00e1tica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El diagn\u00f3stico de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica se basa en la integraci\u00f3n de las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas, los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio (como el hemograma completo, el an\u00e1lisis bioqu\u00edmico de la sangre y los estudios para detectar hepatitis virales) y los m\u00e9todos de diagn\u00f3stico instrumental, como la ecograf\u00eda abdominal o la TC. Cuando el diagn\u00f3stico no es concluyente, puede ser necesario recurrir a una biopsia hep\u00e1tica.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">5. \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la diferencia entre la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica y el c\u00e1ncer de h\u00edgado?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica es una enfermedad cr\u00f3nica caracterizada por la formaci\u00f3n de tejido cicatricial en el h\u00edgado y la alteraci\u00f3n progresiva de sus funciones, mientras que el c\u00e1ncer de h\u00edgado (carcinoma hepatocelular) es un tumor maligno.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">6. \u00bfQu\u00e9 estadios de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica existen?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica se clasifica en cuatro estadios seg\u00fan el grado de da\u00f1o estructural y el deterioro de la funci\u00f3n hep\u00e1tica: cirrosis compensada, cirrosis subcompensada, cirrosis descompensada y cirrosis terminal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">7. Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica en mujeres y hombres: \u00bfexisten diferencias?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica presenta manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas similares en mujeres y hombres; sin embargo, en las mujeres suelen aparecer antes las alteraciones hormonales, mientras que en los hombres, las manifestaciones asociadas a la hipertensi\u00f3n portal. En cuanto a su etiolog\u00eda, el desarrollo de la cirrosis en las mujeres est\u00e1 m\u00e1s frecuentemente vinculado a la toxicidad hep\u00e1tica (incluida la causada por el consumo de alcohol), mientras que en los hombres predominan las etiolog\u00edas asociadas a las hepatitis virales y al consumo cr\u00f3nico excesivo de alcohol.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">8. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es peligrosa la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica puede desencadenar un espectro de complicaciones graves, como la insuficiencia hep\u00e1tica, la hipertensi\u00f3n portal, la ascitis y las varices hemorr\u00e1gicas, adem\u00e1s de aumentar de forma significativa el riesgo de desarrollar un carcinoma hepatocelular. En sus estadios avanzados, las complicaciones de la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica pueden conducir a un desenlace fatal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"bibliografia\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">Bibliograf\u00eda<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology \u2013 Complete Anatomy and Pathology 3D Atlas (VOKA Anatom\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda 3D \u2013 Atlas 3D completo de anatom\u00eda y patolog\u00eda) [Internet]. VOKA Anatom\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda 3D. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible en: https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Aprosina ZG. Chronic diffuse liver diseases (current trends). Clin Pharmacol Ther (Rus). 1996;5(1):14-18. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Bakulin IG, Varlamicheva AA. Hepatorenal syndrome: practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2014;(13):23-31. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Ivashkin VT, Lapina TL, editors. Gastroenterology. National guidelines. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2015. 480 p. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Mekhtiev SN, Grinevich VB, Chepur SV, Gancho VY. Portal hypertension in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. St. Petersburg: Bresta; 2004. 320 p. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Nikitin IG, Storozhakov GI. Chronic hepatitis C: current issues of diagnosis and treatment. Clin Perspect Gastroenterol Hepatol (Rus). 2001;(3):7-11. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Pavlov CS, Damulin VD, Ivashkin VT. Hepatic encephalopathy: pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy. Russ J Gastroenterol Hepatol Coloproctol. 2016;26(1):44-53. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Pimanov S. Decompensated liver cirrhosis: treatment considering international recommendations. Moscow: Prakticheskaya Meditsina; 2016. 88 p. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">9.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, editors. Schiff\u2019s Diseases of the Liver. Liver cirrhosis and its complications. Liver transplantation. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2012. 592 p. [En ruso].<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">10.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Arroyo V, Moreau R, Jalan R, Gin\u00e8s P; EASL-CLIF Consortium CANONIC Study. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: A new syndrome that will re-classify cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2015;62(Suplemento):S131\u2013S143.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">11.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Wilson\u2019s disease. J Hepatol. Marzo de 2012; 56(3):671-685.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">12.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022;77:807-824.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">13.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2015;63(4):971-1004.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">14.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Sanyal A, Mullen K, Bass N. The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in the cirrhotic patient. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2010;6(4 Suplemento 8):1-12.<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica es una lesi\u00f3n generalizada del h\u00edgado caracterizada por la presencia de necrosis del par\u00e9nquima, fibrosis difusa, aparici\u00f3n de zonas anormales de regeneraci\u00f3n del tejido hep\u00e1tico, lo que provoca una alteraci\u00f3n de la estructura externa e interna del h\u00edgado, as\u00ed como un deterioro de su funci\u00f3n. Clasificaci\u00f3n de la cirrosis La cirrosis hep\u00e1tica [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[273],"class_list":["post-970","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-hepaticas"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cirrosis hep\u00e1tica: etiolog\u00eda, estadios, manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas, diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Inf\u00f3rmese sobre la cirrosis hep\u00e1tica, una patolog\u00eda cr\u00f3nica que afecta de forma difusa al h\u00edgado y altera su estructura y funciones. 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