{"id":6849,"date":"2025-10-30T11:37:06","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T08:37:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/glossary\/%d8%a8%d8%b2%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a\/"},"modified":"2026-06-01T13:06:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T10:06:03","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b2%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.voka.io\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF\/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0644\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 <em>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac<\/em> \u2014 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f:<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0641).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062d\u064a:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645:<\/strong> \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a:<\/strong> \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x442;&#x435;&#x445;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x43A;&#x430;-&#x432;&#x44B;&#x43F;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43D;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x44F;\"><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 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(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628) \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u062d (\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0641\u0637\u0647. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a (\u0645\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;-&#x438;-&#x438;&#x441;&#x445;&#x43E;&#x434;&#x44B;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 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