Anatomy test of the respiratory organs

Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the respiratory system. The test covers the topography, blood supply, innervation, and structure of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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1. At what level does the tracheal bifurcation occur in adults?

Th1-Th2

The bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) in adults is projected at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (Th4-Th5).
Th7-Th8

The bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) in adults is projected at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (Th4-Th5).
Th4-Th5

The bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) in adults is projected at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (Th4-Th5).
C6-C7

The bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) in adults is projected at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (Th4-Th5).
I find it difficult to answer

The bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) in adults is projected at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (Th4-Th5).

2. What structure is adjacent to the anterior surface of the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th semirings?

Isthmus of the thyroid gland

Anterior to the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th cartilaginous semirings, is the isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae).
Aortic arch

Anterior to the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th cartilaginous semirings, is the isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae).
Esophagus

Anterior to the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th cartilaginous semirings, is the isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae).
Thymus gland

Anterior to the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th cartilaginous semirings, is the isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae).
I find it difficult to answer

Anterior to the cervical part of the trachea at the level of the 2nd-4th cartilaginous semirings, is the isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae).

3. What are the anatomical features of the right main bronchus compared to the left?

Narrower, longer, and branches at a sharper angle

The right main bronchus (bronchus principalis dexter) is wider, shorter than the left, and forms a more vertical continuation of the trachea.
Wider, longer, and positioned more horizontally

The right main bronchus (bronchus principalis dexter) is wider, shorter than the left, and forms a more vertical continuation of the trachea.
Narrower, shorter, and branches more horizontally

The right main bronchus (bronchus principalis dexter) is wider, shorter than the left, and forms a more vertical continuation of the trachea.
Wider, shorter, and branches more vertically

The right main bronchus (bronchus principalis dexter) is wider, shorter than the left, and forms a more vertical continuation of the trachea.
I find it difficult to answer

The right main bronchus (bronchus principalis dexter) is wider, shorter than the left, and forms a more vertical continuation of the trachea.

4. What is the topographic relationship of the elements of the left lung root from top to bottom?

Bronchus, artery, vein

In the root of the left lung (mnemonic rule: ABV), from top to bottom, are situated: pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and pulmonary veins.
Artery, bronchus, vein

In the root of the left lung (mnemonic rule: ABV), from top to bottom, are situated: pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and pulmonary veins.
Vein, artery, bronchus

In the root of the left lung (mnemonic rule: ABV), from top to bottom, are situated: pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and pulmonary veins.
Vein, bronchus, artery

In the root of the left lung (mnemonic rule: ABV), from top to bottom, are situated: pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and pulmonary veins.
I find it difficult to answer

In the root of the left lung (mnemonic rule: ABV), from top to bottom, are situated: pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and pulmonary veins.

5. From which vascular basin is the trophic blood supply of the lung tissue and bronchial walls provided?

Branches of the pulmonary trunk

The trophic blood supply to the lungs is provided by bronchial branches (rr. bronchiales), branching directly from the thoracic aorta.
Bronchial branches of the thoracic aorta

The trophic blood supply to the lungs is provided by bronchial branches (rr. bronchiales), branching directly from the thoracic aorta.
Branches of the internal thoracic arteries

The trophic blood supply to the lungs is provided by bronchial branches (rr. bronchiales), branching directly from the thoracic aorta.
Pulmonary veins

The trophic blood supply to the lungs is provided by bronchial branches (rr. bronchiales), branching directly from the thoracic aorta.
I find it difficult to answer

The trophic blood supply to the lungs is provided by bronchial branches (rr. bronchiales), branching directly from the thoracic aorta.

6. Which pleural sinus (recess) is the deepest and forms the lower boundary of the pleural cavity?

Recessus costomediastinalis

The costodiaphragmatic recess (recessus costodiaphragmaticus) is the deepest of the pleural sinuses, located at the junction of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura.
Recessus phrenicomediastinalis

The costodiaphragmatic recess (recessus costodiaphragmaticus) is the deepest of the pleural sinuses, located at the junction of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura.
Recessus costodiaphragmaticus

The costodiaphragmatic recess (recessus costodiaphragmaticus) is the deepest of the pleural sinuses, located at the junction of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura.
Recessus vertebromediastinalis

The costodiaphragmatic recess (recessus costodiaphragmaticus) is the deepest of the pleural sinuses, located at the junction of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura.
I find it difficult to answer

The costodiaphragmatic recess (recessus costodiaphragmaticus) is the deepest of the pleural sinuses, located at the junction of the costal and diaphragmatic pleura.

7. How many bronchopulmonary segments (segmenta bronchopulmonalia) are identified in the right lung according to international nomenclature?

10

In the right lung, 10 bronchopulmonary segments are identified: 3 in the upper, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobes.
8

In the right lung, 10 bronchopulmonary segments are identified: 3 in the upper, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobes.
9

In the right lung, 10 bronchopulmonary segments are identified: 3 in the upper, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobes.
11

In the right lung, 10 bronchopulmonary segments are identified: 3 in the upper, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobes.
I find it difficult to answer

In the right lung, 10 bronchopulmonary segments are identified: 3 in the upper, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobes.

8. Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the rib part of the parietal pleura?

Nn. vagi

The costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are innervated by somatic intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales).
Nn. phrenici

The costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are innervated by somatic intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales).
Sympathetic trunk

The costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are innervated by somatic intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales).
Nn. Intercostales

The costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are innervated by somatic intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales).
I find it difficult to answer

The costal pleura and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are innervated by somatic intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales).

9. What type of cartilaginous tissue forms the tracheal semirings (cartilagines tracheales)?

Hyaline cartilage tissue

The cartilaginous skeleton of the trachea is formed by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage tissue, providing rigidity to the air passage.
Elastic cartilage tissue

The cartilaginous skeleton of the trachea is formed by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage tissue, providing rigidity to the air passage.
Fibrous cartilage tissue

The cartilaginous skeleton of the trachea is formed by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage tissue, providing rigidity to the air passage.
Reticular cartilage tissue

The cartilaginous skeleton of the trachea is formed by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage tissue, providing rigidity to the air passage.
I find it difficult to answer

The cartilaginous skeleton of the trachea is formed by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage tissue, providing rigidity to the air passage.

10. At what level is the lower boundary of the right lung projected along the midclavicular line (linea medioclavicularis)?

IV rib

The lower boundary of the right lung along the midclavicular line intersects the VI rib.
V rib

The lower boundary of the right lung along the midclavicular line intersects the VI rib.
VI rib

The lower boundary of the right lung along the midclavicular line intersects the VI rib.
VIII rib

The lower boundary of the right lung along the midclavicular line intersects the VI rib.
I find it difficult to answer

The lower boundary of the right lung along the midclavicular line intersects the VI rib.

11. What topographic feature is characteristic of the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

Azygos vein groove

On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, the cardiac impression and groove of the arch and descending part of the aorta (sulcus aorticus) are distinctly expressed.
Aortic groove

On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, the cardiac impression and groove of the arch and descending part of the aorta (sulcus aorticus) are distinctly expressed.
Impression of the superior vena cava

On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, the cardiac impression and groove of the arch and descending part of the aorta (sulcus aorticus) are distinctly expressed.
Esophageal impression

On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, the cardiac impression and groove of the arch and descending part of the aorta (sulcus aorticus) are distinctly expressed.
I find it difficult to answer

On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, the cardiac impression and groove of the arch and descending part of the aorta (sulcus aorticus) are distinctly expressed.

12. Into which lymph nodes does lymph directly drain from the lung parenchyma?

Nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores

Lymph from the lungs is primarily collected into intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) located in the lung root.
Nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales superiores

Lymph from the lungs is primarily collected into intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) located in the lung root.
Nodi lymphatici paratracheales

Lymph from the lungs is primarily collected into intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) located in the lung root.
Nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales

Lymph from the lungs is primarily collected into intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) located in the lung root.
I find it difficult to answer

Lymph from the lungs is primarily collected into intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales) located in the lung root.

13. Into what structures do the main bronchi divide immediately after entering the hilum of the lungs?

Lobar bronchi

At the hilum of the lungs, the main bronchi dichotomously divide into lobar bronchi (bronchi lobares): three on the right and two on the left lung.
Segmental bronchi

At the hilum of the lungs, the main bronchi dichotomously divide into lobar bronchi (bronchi lobares): three on the right and two on the left lung.
Subsegmental bronchi

At the hilum of the lungs, the main bronchi dichotomously divide into lobar bronchi (bronchi lobares): three on the right and two on the left lung.
Terminal bronchioles

At the hilum of the lungs, the main bronchi dichotomously divide into lobar bronchi (bronchi lobares): three on the right and two on the left lung.
I find it difficult to answer

At the hilum of the lungs, the main bronchi dichotomously divide into lobar bronchi (bronchi lobares): three on the right and two on the left lung.

14. What forms the pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale)?

From thickened intrathoracic fascia

The pulmonary ligament is formed below the lung root by a pleural duplication at the transition of visceral pleura to mediastinal parietal pleura.
From pericardial protrusions

The pulmonary ligament is formed below the lung root by a pleural duplication at the transition of visceral pleura to mediastinal parietal pleura.
From the pleural duplication at the transition of the visceral sheet to the parietal

The pulmonary ligament is formed below the lung root by a pleural duplication at the transition of visceral pleura to mediastinal parietal pleura.
From fibrous strands of the diaphragm

The pulmonary ligament is formed below the lung root by a pleural duplication at the transition of visceral pleura to mediastinal parietal pleura.
I find it difficult to answer

The pulmonary ligament is formed below the lung root by a pleural duplication at the transition of visceral pleura to mediastinal parietal pleura.

15. What anatomical structure lies directly behind the membranous wall of the trachea?

Aortic arch

Behind the membranous (posterior) wall of the trachea, the esophagus (oesophagus) is closely adjacent throughout its length.
Esophagus

Behind the membranous (posterior) wall of the trachea, the esophagus (oesophagus) is closely adjacent throughout its length.
Thoracic duct

Behind the membranous (posterior) wall of the trachea, the esophagus (oesophagus) is closely adjacent throughout its length.
Azygos vein

Behind the membranous (posterior) wall of the trachea, the esophagus (oesophagus) is closely adjacent throughout its length.
I find it difficult to answer

Behind the membranous (posterior) wall of the trachea, the esophagus (oesophagus) is closely adjacent throughout its length.

16. Into which venous trunks does blood predominantly drain from the bronchial veins (vv. bronchiales)?

Into the pulmonary veins

The bronchial veins, collecting venous blood from the bronchial walls, drain into v. azygos to the right and v. hemiazygos to the left.
Into the inferior vena cava

The bronchial veins, collecting venous blood from the bronchial walls, drain into v. azygos to the right and v. hemiazygos to the left.
Into the azygos and hemiazygos veins

The bronchial veins, collecting venous blood from the bronchial walls, drain into v. azygos to the right and v. hemiazygos to the left.
Into the brachiocephalic veins

The bronchial veins, collecting venous blood from the bronchial walls, drain into v. azygos to the right and v. hemiazygos to the left.
I find it difficult to answer

The bronchial veins, collecting venous blood from the bronchial walls, drain into v. azygos to the right and v. hemiazygos to the left.

17. How does the lower boundary of the parietal pleura relate to the lower edge of the lungs?

The pleural boundary is one rib below the lung boundary

Along all topographic lines, the lower boundary of the parietal pleura is located one rib below the lower boundary of the corresponding lung.
The pleural boundary is one rib above the lung boundary

Along all topographic lines, the lower boundary of the parietal pleura is located one rib below the lower boundary of the corresponding lung.
The boundaries of the pleura and lung completely coincide

Along all topographic lines, the lower boundary of the parietal pleura is located one rib below the lower boundary of the corresponding lung.
The pleural boundary is two intercostal spaces above the lung

Along all topographic lines, the lower boundary of the parietal pleura is located one rib below the lower boundary of the corresponding lung.
I find it difficult to answer

Along all topographic lines, the lower boundary of the parietal pleura is located one rib below the lower boundary of the corresponding lung.

18. Which bronchus passes under the aortic arch?

Right main bronchus

The left main bronchus (bronchus principalis sinister) crosses the aortic arch, with it curving over from anterior above backwards.
Right upper lobar bronchus

The left main bronchus (bronchus principalis sinister) crosses the aortic arch, with it curving over from anterior above backwards.
Left upper lobar bronchus

The left main bronchus (bronchus principalis sinister) crosses the aortic arch, with it curving over from anterior above backwards.
Left main bronchus

The left main bronchus (bronchus principalis sinister) crosses the aortic arch, with it curving over from anterior above backwards.
I find it difficult to answer

The left main bronchus (bronchus principalis sinister) crosses the aortic arch, with it curving over from anterior above backwards.

19. Where in the tracheal wall is the tracheal smooth muscle (m. trachealis) located?

In the mucosa throughout its entirety

The tracheal muscle (m. trachealis), consisting of smooth muscle fibers, is embedded in the posterior membranous wall (paries membranaceus) of the trachea.
In the membranous (posterior) wall

The tracheal muscle (m. trachealis), consisting of smooth muscle fibers, is embedded in the posterior membranous wall (paries membranaceus) of the trachea.
Between the cartilaginous semicircles

The tracheal muscle (m. trachealis), consisting of smooth muscle fibers, is embedded in the posterior membranous wall (paries membranaceus) of the trachea.
In the adventitia of the anterior wall

The tracheal muscle (m. trachealis), consisting of smooth muscle fibers, is embedded in the posterior membranous wall (paries membranaceus) of the trachea.
I find it difficult to answer

The tracheal muscle (m. trachealis), consisting of smooth muscle fibers, is embedded in the posterior membranous wall (paries membranaceus) of the trachea.

20. Which nerve structure provides parasympathetic innervation to the lungs, causing bronchoconstriction?

N. vagus

Parasympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (n. vagus), leading to their constriction (bronchoconstriction).
Sympathetic trunk

Parasympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (n. vagus), leading to their constriction (bronchoconstriction).
N. phrenicus

Parasympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (n. vagus), leading to their constriction (bronchoconstriction).
N. laryngeus recurrens

Parasympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (n. vagus), leading to their constriction (bronchoconstriction).
I find it difficult to answer

Parasympathetic innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle is provided by branches of the vagus nerve (n. vagus), leading to their constriction (bronchoconstriction).