Anatomy test for thoracic organs

1. At what skeletotopic level is the bifurcation of the trachea (bifurcatio tracheae) projected in adults?

• At the level of the second thoracic vertebra

  The bifurcation of the trachea in adults is located in the mediastinum at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the seventh cervical vertebra

  The bifurcation of the trachea in adults is located in the mediastinum at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae

  The bifurcation of the trachea in adults is located in the mediastinum at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the seventh to eighth thoracic vertebrae

  The bifurcation of the trachea in adults is located in the mediastinum at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The bifurcation of the trachea in adults is located in the mediastinum at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

2. What groove or fissure separates the superior lobe of the right lung from the middle lobe?

• Oblique fissure (fissura obliqua)

  The horizontal fissure of the right lung (fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri) projects along the fourth rib and separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

• Horizontal fissure (fissura horizontalis)

  The horizontal fissure of the right lung (fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri) projects along the fourth rib and separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

• Cardiac notch (incisura cardiaca)

  The horizontal fissure of the right lung (fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri) projects along the fourth rib and separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

• Azygos fissure (fissura azygos)

  The horizontal fissure of the right lung (fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri) projects along the fourth rib and separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The horizontal fissure of the right lung (fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri) projects along the fourth rib and separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

3. How are the main elements of the left lung root arranged from top to bottom?

• Bronchus, artery, veins

  In the root of the left lung, the elements are arranged in the order (top to bottom): pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins (mnemonic rule AVB).

• Veins, bronchus, artery

  In the root of the left lung, the elements are arranged in the order (top to bottom): pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins (mnemonic rule AVB).

• Artery, veins, bronchus

  In the root of the left lung, the elements are arranged in the order (top to bottom): pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins (mnemonic rule AVB).

• Artery, bronchus, veins

  In the root of the left lung, the elements are arranged in the order (top to bottom): pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins (mnemonic rule AVB).

• I find it difficult to answer

  In the root of the left lung, the elements are arranged in the order (top to bottom): pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins (mnemonic rule AVB).

4. Which heart chamber forms the majority of its sterno-costal (anterior) surface?

• Right निलय

  The sterno-costal (anterior) surface of the heart (facies sternocostalis) is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

• Left atrium

  The sterno-costal (anterior) surface of the heart (facies sternocostalis) is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

• Right atrium

  The sterno-costal (anterior) surface of the heart (facies sternocostalis) is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

• Left निलय

  The sterno-costal (anterior) surface of the heart (facies sternocostalis) is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The sterno-costal (anterior) surface of the heart (facies sternocostalis) is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

5. At what level is the bronchial (middle) constriction of the esophagus located?

• At the level of the seventh cervical vertebra

  The bronchial constriction of the esophagus is located at its crossover with the left main bronchus at the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra

  The bronchial constriction of the esophagus is located at its crossover with the left main bronchus at the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae

  The bronchial constriction of the esophagus is located at its crossover with the left main bronchus at the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• At the level of the first thoracic vertebra

  The bronchial constriction of the esophagus is located at its crossover with the left main bronchus at the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The bronchial constriction of the esophagus is located at its crossover with the left main bronchus at the level of the fourth to fifth thoracic vertebrae.

6. Which structure does the posterior surface of the thymus (thymus) directly adjoin in the superior mediastinum?

• To the sternum and costal cartilages

  The posterior surface of the thymus adjoins the trachea, superior vena cava, aortic arch, and its branches, located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.

• To the trachea and large vessels of the cardiac base

  The posterior surface of the thymus adjoins the trachea, superior vena cava, aortic arch, and its branches, located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.

• To the thoracic part of the esophagus

  The posterior surface of the thymus adjoins the trachea, superior vena cava, aortic arch, and its branches, located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.

• To the bodies of the upper thoracic vertebrae

  The posterior surface of the thymus adjoins the trachea, superior vena cava, aortic arch, and its branches, located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The posterior surface of the thymus adjoins the trachea, superior vena cava, aortic arch, and its branches, located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.

7. Where does the orifice of the coronary sinus (sinus coronarius) of the heart open?

• Into the right atrium

  The coronary sinus, which collects venous blood from the greater part of the myocardium, opens into the right atrium between the valve of the inferior vena cava and the interatrial septum.

• Into the left atrium

  The coronary sinus, which collects venous blood from the greater part of the myocardium, opens into the right atrium between the valve of the inferior vena cava and the interatrial septum.

• Into the superior vena cava

  The coronary sinus, which collects venous blood from the greater part of the myocardium, opens into the right atrium between the valve of the inferior vena cava and the interatrial septum.

• Into the right ventricle

  The coronary sinus, which collects venous blood from the greater part of the myocardium, opens into the right atrium between the valve of the inferior vena cava and the interatrial septum.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The coronary sinus, which collects venous blood from the greater part of the myocardium, opens into the right atrium between the valve of the inferior vena cava and the interatrial septum.

8. How many bronchopulmonary segments are typically identified in the right lung according to the International Anatomical Nomenclature?

• 8

  The right lung is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments: 3 in the upper lobe, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobe.

• 9

  The right lung is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments: 3 in the upper lobe, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobe.

• 10

  The right lung is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments: 3 in the upper lobe, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobe.

• 11

  The right lung is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments: 3 in the upper lobe, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobe.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The right lung is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments: 3 in the upper lobe, 2 in the middle, and 5 in the lower lobe.

9. Where is the projection of the pulmonary trunk valve (valva trunci pulmonalis) located on the anterior chest wall?

• In the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

  The projection of the pulmonary trunk valve is located at the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the left edge of the sternum.

• At the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the sternum

  The projection of the pulmonary trunk valve is located at the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the left edge of the sternum.

• In the fifth left intercostal space along the midclavicular line

  The projection of the pulmonary trunk valve is located at the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the left edge of the sternum.

• At the base of the xiphoid process

  The projection of the pulmonary trunk valve is located at the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the left edge of the sternum.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The projection of the pulmonary trunk valve is located at the level of the attachment of the cartilage of the third left rib to the left edge of the sternum.

10. Which arteries predominantly supply the cervical and upper thoracic parts of the trachea?

• From the inferior thyroid arteries

  The blood supply of the upper part of the trachea is provided by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries (aa. thyroideae inferiores), stemming from the thyrocervical trunk.

• From the internal thoracic arteries

  The blood supply of the upper part of the trachea is provided by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries (aa. thyroideae inferiores), stemming from the thyrocervical trunk.

• From the superior thyroid arteries

  The blood supply of the upper part of the trachea is provided by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries (aa. thyroideae inferiores), stemming from the thyrocervical trunk.

• From the posterior intercostal arteries

  The blood supply of the upper part of the trachea is provided by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries (aa. thyroideae inferiores), stemming from the thyrocervical trunk.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The blood supply of the upper part of the trachea is provided by branches of the inferior thyroid arteries (aa. thyroideae inferiores), stemming from the thyrocervical trunk.

11. What divisions are distinguished in the anatomy of the esophagus (esophagus)?

• Pharyngeal, cervical, thoracic

  The esophagus is anatomically divided into three parts: cervical (pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and a short abdominal (pars abdominalis).

• Cervical, thoracic, abdominal

  The esophagus is anatomically divided into three parts: cervical (pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and a short abdominal (pars abdominalis).

• Thoracic, diaphragmatic, abdominal

  The esophagus is anatomically divided into three parts: cervical (pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and a short abdominal (pars abdominalis).

• Cervical, mediastinal, gastric

  The esophagus is anatomically divided into three parts: cervical (pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and a short abdominal (pars abdominalis).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The esophagus is anatomically divided into three parts: cervical (pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and a short abdominal (pars abdominalis).

12. In which intercostal space is the heart apex (apex cordis) projected in a normal adult?

• In the fourth left intercostal space

  The apex of the heart is projected in the fifth left intercostal space, 1-1.5 cm medial to the left midclavicular line.

• In the fifth right intercostal space

  The apex of the heart is projected in the fifth left intercostal space, 1-1.5 cm medial to the left midclavicular line.

• In the fifth left intercostal space

  The apex of the heart is projected in the fifth left intercostal space, 1-1.5 cm medial to the left midclavicular line.

• In the sixth left intercostal space

  The apex of the heart is projected in the fifth left intercostal space, 1-1.5 cm medial to the left midclavicular line.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The apex of the heart is projected in the fifth left intercostal space, 1-1.5 cm medial to the left midclavicular line.

13. What surfaces are distinguished in the lung (pulmo)?

• Anterior, posterior, inferior

  Each lung has three surfaces: costal (facies costalis), diaphragmatic (facies diaphragmatica), and medial (facies medialis).

• Sterno-costal, diaphragmatic, vertebral

  Each lung has three surfaces: costal (facies costalis), diaphragmatic (facies diaphragmatica), and medial (facies medialis).

• Costal, mediastinal, apical

  Each lung has three surfaces: costal (facies costalis), diaphragmatic (facies diaphragmatica), and medial (facies medialis).

• Costal, medial, diaphragmatic

  Each lung has three surfaces: costal (facies costalis), diaphragmatic (facies diaphragmatica), and medial (facies medialis).

• I find it difficult to answer

  Each lung has three surfaces: costal (facies costalis), diaphragmatic (facies diaphragmatica), and medial (facies medialis).

14. Which structures in the cavity of the right ventricle of the heart prevent the eversion of the cusps of the tricuspid valve into the atrium during systole?

• Tendinous cords and papillary muscles

  Papillary muscles, through chordae tendineae, hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place, preventing their prolapse.

• Trabeculae carneae

  Papillary muscles, through chordae tendineae, hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place, preventing their prolapse.

• Pectinate muscles

  Papillary muscles, through chordae tendineae, hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place, preventing their prolapse.

• Coronary sinus valve

  Papillary muscles, through chordae tendineae, hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place, preventing their prolapse.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Papillary muscles, through chordae tendineae, hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place, preventing their prolapse.

15. Which anatomical plane divides the mediastinum (mediastinum) into the upper and lower parts?

• Frontal plane passing through the roots of the lungs

  A notional horizontal plane drawn from the angle of the sternum (angulus sterni) to the intervertebral disc between Th4 and Th5 divides the mediastinum into upper and lower parts.

• Horizontal plane extending from the angle of the sternum to the intervertebral disc Th4-Th5

  A notional horizontal plane drawn from the angle of the sternum (angulus sterni) to the intervertebral disc between Th4 and Th5 divides the mediastinum into upper and lower parts.

• Sagittal plane along the median line

  A notional horizontal plane drawn from the angle of the sternum (angulus sterni) to the intervertebral disc between Th4 and Th5 divides the mediastinum into upper and lower parts.

• Horizontal plane at the level of the xiphoid process

  A notional horizontal plane drawn from the angle of the sternum (angulus sterni) to the intervertebral disc between Th4 and Th5 divides the mediastinum into upper and lower parts.

• I find it difficult to answer

  A notional horizontal plane drawn from the angle of the sternum (angulus sterni) to the intervertebral disc between Th4 and Th5 divides the mediastinum into upper and lower parts.

16. What forms the posterior (membranous) wall of the trachea (paries membranaceus)?

• Hyaline cartilaginous semicircles

  The membranous wall of the trachea lacks cartilage and is formed by dense connective tissue with inclusions of circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth myocytes.

• Elastic cartilage

  The membranous wall of the trachea lacks cartilage and is formed by dense connective tissue with inclusions of circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth myocytes.

• Striated muscle tissue

  The membranous wall of the trachea lacks cartilage and is formed by dense connective tissue with inclusions of circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth myocytes.

• Dense connective tissue and bundles of smooth muscle cells

  The membranous wall of the trachea lacks cartilage and is formed by dense connective tissue with inclusions of circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth myocytes.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The membranous wall of the trachea lacks cartilage and is formed by dense connective tissue with inclusions of circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth myocytes.

17. Where is the transverse pericardial sinus (sinus transversus pericardii) located?

• At the heart apex area

  The transverse pericardial sinus is a space in the pericardial cavity located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava and the atria.

• Between the inferior vena cava and the right pulmonary veins

  The transverse pericardial sinus is a space in the pericardial cavity located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava and the atria.

• Between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk anteriorly, and the atria posteriorly

  The transverse pericardial sinus is a space in the pericardial cavity located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava and the atria.

• Between the pulmonary veins on the posterior wall of the left atrium

  The transverse pericardial sinus is a space in the pericardial cavity located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava and the atria.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The transverse pericardial sinus is a space in the pericardial cavity located posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava and the atria.

18. To which structure does the anterior wall of the thoracic portion of the esophagus adjoin at the level of Th4-Th5?

• To the aortic arch and the posterior wall of the left main bronchus

  At the level of the tracheal bifurcation (Th4-Th5), the esophagus crosses anteriorly with the arch of the aorta and then the left main bronchus.

• To the posterior surface of the sternum

  At the level of the tracheal bifurcation (Th4-Th5), the esophagus crosses anteriorly with the arch of the aorta and then the left main bronchus.

• To the hemiazygos vein

  At the level of the tracheal bifurcation (Th4-Th5), the esophagus crosses anteriorly with the arch of the aorta and then the left main bronchus.

• To the azygos vein

  At the level of the tracheal bifurcation (Th4-Th5), the esophagus crosses anteriorly with the arch of the aorta and then the left main bronchus.

• I find it difficult to answer

  At the level of the tracheal bifurcation (Th4-Th5), the esophagus crosses anteriorly with the arch of the aorta and then the left main bronchus.

19. What is the name of the transition from visceral pleura to parietal pleura at the root of the lung, descending down to the diaphragm?

• Pleural dome

  Below the root of the lung, the layers of the mediastinal pleura converge, forming a fold — the pulmonary ligament, extending to the diaphragm.

• Costodiaphragmatic sinus

  Below the root of the lung, the layers of the mediastinal pleura converge, forming a fold — the pulmonary ligament, extending to the diaphragm.

• Pulmonary ligament (lig. pulmonale)

  Below the root of the lung, the layers of the mediastinal pleura converge, forming a fold — the pulmonary ligament, extending to the diaphragm.

• Mediastinal pleura

  Below the root of the lung, the layers of the mediastinal pleura converge, forming a fold — the pulmonary ligament, extending to the diaphragm.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Below the root of the lung, the layers of the mediastinal pleura converge, forming a fold — the pulmonary ligament, extending to the diaphragm.

20. Where is the sinuatrial node (nodus sinuatrialis) of the heart's conduction system typically located?

• In the interventricular septum

  The sinuatrial node (Keith-Flack node) is the primary pacemaker and is located beneath the epicardium at the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium.

• In the wall of the left atrium at the openings of the pulmonary veins

  The sinuatrial node (Keith-Flack node) is the primary pacemaker and is located beneath the epicardium at the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium.

• In the interatrial septum above the opening of the coronary sinus

  The sinuatrial node (Keith-Flack node) is the primary pacemaker and is located beneath the epicardium at the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium.

• In the wall of the right atrium between the opening of the superior vena cava and the right atrial appendage

  The sinuatrial node (Keith-Flack node) is the primary pacemaker and is located beneath the epicardium at the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The sinuatrial node (Keith-Flack node) is the primary pacemaker and is located beneath the epicardium at the entry of the superior vena cava into the right atrium.