Anatomy test of the organ of vision

1. Which artery is the direct source of a. centralis retinae?

• external carotid artery

  The central retinal artery originates from the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica), which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

• ophthalmic artery

  The central retinal artery originates from the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica), which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

• A. facialis (facial artery)

  The central retinal artery originates from the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica), which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

• middle cerebral artery

  The central retinal artery originates from the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica), which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The central retinal artery originates from the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica), which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

2. Which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye (m. obliquus superior)?

• oculomotor nerve

  The trochlear nerve (IV pair of cranial nerves) provides motor innervation to only one muscle — the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

• abducens nerve

  The trochlear nerve (IV pair of cranial nerves) provides motor innervation to only one muscle — the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

• trochlear nerve

  The trochlear nerve (IV pair of cranial nerves) provides motor innervation to only one muscle — the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

• ophthalmic nerve

  The trochlear nerve (IV pair of cranial nerves) provides motor innervation to only one muscle — the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The trochlear nerve (IV pair of cranial nerves) provides motor innervation to only one muscle — the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

3. Which ganglion do the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the m. sphincter pupillae?

• Ganglion pterygopalatinum

  Ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) contains parasympathetic neurons, whose axons innervate the muscle constricting the pupil.

• Ganglion oticum

  Ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) contains parasympathetic neurons, whose axons innervate the muscle constricting the pupil.

• Ganglion submandibulare

  Ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) contains parasympathetic neurons, whose axons innervate the muscle constricting the pupil.

• Ganglion ciliare

  Ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) contains parasympathetic neurons, whose axons innervate the muscle constricting the pupil.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) contains parasympathetic neurons, whose axons innervate the muscle constricting the pupil.

4. Where is the venous outflow from the eyeball primarily directed through the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins?

• superior sagittal sinus

  The ophthalmic veins (vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior) exit the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus (sinus cavernosus).

• cavernous sinus

  The ophthalmic veins (vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior) exit the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus (sinus cavernosus).

• external jugular vein

  The ophthalmic veins (vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior) exit the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus (sinus cavernosus).

• pterygoid plexus

  The ophthalmic veins (vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior) exit the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus (sinus cavernosus).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ophthalmic veins (vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior) exit the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus (sinus cavernosus).

5. Which vessels directly supply the choroid (choroidea)?

• Aa. short posterior ciliary arteries

  The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the capillary network of the choroid.

• Aa. anterior ethmoidal arteries

  The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the capillary network of the choroid.

• Aa. conjunctival arteries

  The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the capillary network of the choroid.

• central retinal artery

  The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the capillary network of the choroid.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The short posterior ciliary arteries pierce the sclera around the optic nerve and form the capillary network of the choroid.

6. Which nerve provides innervation for the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (m. rectus lateralis)?

• abducens nerve

  The abducens nerve (VI pair) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eyeball (abduktsiya glaznogo yabloka).

• trochlear nerve

  The abducens nerve (VI pair) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eyeball (abduktsiya glaznogo yabloka).

• oculomotor nerve

  The abducens nerve (VI pair) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eyeball (abduktsiya glaznogo yabloka).

• N. facialis

  The abducens nerve (VI pair) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eyeball (abduktsiya glaznogo yabloka).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The abducens nerve (VI pair) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eyeball (abduktsiya glaznogo yabloka).

7. Which branches of the nerve provide sensory innervation to the cornea?

• maxillary nerve

  The cornea receives sensory innervation from the long ciliary nerves, which are branches of the nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris from n. ophthalmicus).

• nasociliary nerve

  The cornea receives sensory innervation from the long ciliary nerves, which are branches of the nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris from n. ophthalmicus).

• frontal nerve

  The cornea receives sensory innervation from the long ciliary nerves, which are branches of the nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris from n. ophthalmicus).

• lacrimal nerve

  The cornea receives sensory innervation from the long ciliary nerves, which are branches of the nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris from n. ophthalmicus).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The cornea receives sensory innervation from the long ciliary nerves, which are branches of the nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris from n. ophthalmicus).

8. Where does the lacrimal artery (a. lacrimalis) originate from?

• From the a. maxillaris

  The lacrimal artery is one of the major branches of the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) and supplies the lacrimal gland.

• From the a. facialis

  The lacrimal artery is one of the major branches of the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) and supplies the lacrimal gland.

• From the a. superficial temporal artery

  The lacrimal artery is one of the major branches of the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) and supplies the lacrimal gland.

• From the a. ophthalmic

  The lacrimal artery is one of the major branches of the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) and supplies the lacrimal gland.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The lacrimal artery is one of the major branches of the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) and supplies the lacrimal gland.

9. Where are the bodies of the first (preganglionic) sympathetic neurons involved in the innervation of the m. dilator pupillae?

• In the ciliary ganglion

  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in the ciliospinal center (Budge's nucleus) in the lateral horns of the C8-Th2 segments of the spinal cord.

• In the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in the ciliospinal center (Budge's nucleus) in the lateral horns of the C8-Th2 segments of the spinal cord.

• In the lateral horns of the spinal cord (C8-Th2)

  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in the ciliospinal center (Budge's nucleus) in the lateral horns of the C8-Th2 segments of the spinal cord.

• In the brainstem

  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in the ciliospinal center (Budge's nucleus) in the lateral horns of the C8-Th2 segments of the spinal cord.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in the ciliospinal center (Budge's nucleus) in the lateral horns of the C8-Th2 segments of the spinal cord.

10. Which vein forms an anastomosis between the superior ophthalmic vein and the facial vein at the medial angle of the eye?

• V. retromandibularis

  The angular vein (v. angularis) connects the facial vein system to the superior ophthalmic vein, creating a route for infection to spread to the cavernous sinus.

• angular vein

  The angular vein (v. angularis) connects the facial vein system to the superior ophthalmic vein, creating a route for infection to spread to the cavernous sinus.

• superficial temporal vein

  The angular vein (v. angularis) connects the facial vein system to the superior ophthalmic vein, creating a route for infection to spread to the cavernous sinus.

• maxillary vein

  The angular vein (v. angularis) connects the facial vein system to the superior ophthalmic vein, creating a route for infection to spread to the cavernous sinus.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The angular vein (v. angularis) connects the facial vein system to the superior ophthalmic vein, creating a route for infection to spread to the cavernous sinus.

11. Which eye muscle is not innervated by the oculomotor nerve (n. oculomotorius)?

• superior rectus muscle

  The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve, while the other listed muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

• levator palpebrae superioris muscle

  The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve, while the other listed muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

• inferior oblique muscle

  The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve, while the other listed muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

• superior oblique muscle

  The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve, while the other listed muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve, while the other listed muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

12. Which vessels do the anterior ciliary arteries (aa. ciliares anteriores) originate from?

• From the muscular branches of the ophthalmic artery

  The anterior ciliary arteries branch out from the muscular branches (rami musculares) of the ophthalmic artery and pierce the sclera near the cornea.

• From the short posterior ciliary arteries

  The anterior ciliary arteries branch out from the muscular branches (rami musculares) of the ophthalmic artery and pierce the sclera near the cornea.

• From the facial artery

  The anterior ciliary arteries branch out from the muscular branches (rami musculares) of the ophthalmic artery and pierce the sclera near the cornea.

• From the infraorbital artery

  The anterior ciliary arteries branch out from the muscular branches (rami musculares) of the ophthalmic artery and pierce the sclera near the cornea.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The anterior ciliary arteries branch out from the muscular branches (rami musculares) of the ophthalmic artery and pierce the sclera near the cornea.

13. Through which structure does the central retinal vein (v. centralis retinae) exit the eyeball?

• Through the superior orbital fissure

  The central retinal vein runs within the substance (inside) of the optic nerve trunk (n. opticus) together with the artery of the same name.

• Through the optic canal outside the nerve

  The central retinal vein runs within the substance (inside) of the optic nerve trunk (n. opticus) together with the artery of the same name.

• Through the inferior orbital fissure

  The central retinal vein runs within the substance (inside) of the optic nerve trunk (n. opticus) together with the artery of the same name.

• Inside the trunk of the optic nerve

  The central retinal vein runs within the substance (inside) of the optic nerve trunk (n. opticus) together with the artery of the same name.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The central retinal vein runs within the substance (inside) of the optic nerve trunk (n. opticus) together with the artery of the same name.

14. Which structure is innervated by the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve?

• superior tarsal muscle

  The ciliary muscle (m. ciliaris), responsible for accommodation, is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion.

• orbital muscle

  The ciliary muscle (m. ciliaris), responsible for accommodation, is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion.

• ciliary muscle

  The ciliary muscle (m. ciliaris), responsible for accommodation, is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion.

• dilator pupillae muscle

  The ciliary muscle (m. ciliaris), responsible for accommodation, is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ciliary muscle (m. ciliaris), responsible for accommodation, is innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion.

15. What do the long posterior ciliary arteries (aa. ciliares posteriores longae) supply?

• Retina

  The long posterior ciliary arteries pass in the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body and iris, forming the major arterial circle of the iris.

• Ciliary body and iris

  The long posterior ciliary arteries pass in the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body and iris, forming the major arterial circle of the iris.

• Lacrimal sac

  The long posterior ciliary arteries pass in the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body and iris, forming the major arterial circle of the iris.

• Extraocular muscles

  The long posterior ciliary arteries pass in the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body and iris, forming the major arterial circle of the iris.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The long posterior ciliary arteries pass in the suprachoroidal space to the ciliary body and iris, forming the major arterial circle of the iris.

16. Which branch of the ophthalmic nerve passes through the common tendinous ring (anulus tendineus communis)?

• nasociliary nerve

  The nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris) is the only branch of the ophthalmic nerve that passes into the muscle funnel through the common tendinous ring.

• lacrimal nerve

  The nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris) is the only branch of the ophthalmic nerve that passes into the muscle funnel through the common tendinous ring.

• frontal nerve

  The nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris) is the only branch of the ophthalmic nerve that passes into the muscle funnel through the common tendinous ring.

• supraorbital nerve

  The nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris) is the only branch of the ophthalmic nerve that passes into the muscle funnel through the common tendinous ring.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The nasociliary nerve (n. nasociliaris) is the only branch of the ophthalmic nerve that passes into the muscle funnel through the common tendinous ring.

17. What are the names of the veins that collect blood from the choroid and leave the eyeball at the equator?

• Vorticose veins (vv. vorticosae)

  Vorticose (whirlpool) veins collect venous blood from the choroid (uvea) and perforate the sclera in the equatorial zone.

• Ciliary veins (vv. ciliares)

  Vorticose (whirlpool) veins collect venous blood from the choroid (uvea) and perforate the sclera in the equatorial zone.

• Emissary veins (vv. emissariae)

  Vorticose (whirlpool) veins collect venous blood from the choroid (uvea) and perforate the sclera in the equatorial zone.

• Conjunctival veins (vv. conjunctivales)

  Vorticose (whirlpool) veins collect venous blood from the choroid (uvea) and perforate the sclera in the equatorial zone.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Vorticose (whirlpool) veins collect venous blood from the choroid (uvea) and perforate the sclera in the equatorial zone.

18. Where is the ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) located topographically in the orbit?

• Medial to the optic nerve

  The ciliary ganglion is located at the posterior part of the orbit, lateral to the optic nerve stem, between it and the lateral rectus muscle.

• Lateral to the optic nerve

  The ciliary ganglion is located at the posterior part of the orbit, lateral to the optic nerve stem, between it and the lateral rectus muscle.

• Above the superior rectus muscle

  The ciliary ganglion is located at the posterior part of the orbit, lateral to the optic nerve stem, between it and the lateral rectus muscle.

• Below the inferior rectus muscle

  The ciliary ganglion is located at the posterior part of the orbit, lateral to the optic nerve stem, between it and the lateral rectus muscle.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ciliary ganglion is located at the posterior part of the orbit, lateral to the optic nerve stem, between it and the lateral rectus muscle.

19. Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the upper eyelid and forehead?

• maxillary nerve

  The frontal nerve (n. frontalis), the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, divides into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, innervating the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid.

• infratrochlear nerve

  The frontal nerve (n. frontalis), the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, divides into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, innervating the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid.

• frontal nerve

  The frontal nerve (n. frontalis), the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, divides into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, innervating the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid.

• infraorbital nerve

  The frontal nerve (n. frontalis), the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, divides into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, innervating the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The frontal nerve (n. frontalis), the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve, divides into the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, innervating the skin of the forehead and upper eyelid.

20. From which plexus do sympathetic fibers penetrate the orbit for the innervation of eye structures?

• external carotid plexus

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to the orbit as part of the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) along with the ophthalmic artery.

• vertebral plexus

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to the orbit as part of the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) along with the ophthalmic artery.

• internal carotid plexus

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to the orbit as part of the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) along with the ophthalmic artery.

• pterygoid plexus

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to the orbit as part of the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) along with the ophthalmic artery.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to the orbit as part of the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) along with the ophthalmic artery.