Test on the anatomy of the orbit and its contents

1. Through which anatomical structure does the optic nerve penetrate the orbit?

• Superior orbital fissure

  The optic nerve (n. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) enter the orbit through the optic canal (canalis opticus) located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

• Inferior orbital fissure

  The optic nerve (n. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) enter the orbit through the optic canal (canalis opticus) located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

• Optic canal

  The optic nerve (n. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) enter the orbit through the optic canal (canalis opticus) located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

• Foramen rotundum

  The optic nerve (n. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) enter the orbit through the optic canal (canalis opticus) located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The optic nerve (n. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) enter the orbit through the optic canal (canalis opticus) located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

2. Which bone does NOT contribute to the formation of the medial wall of the orbit?

• Zygomatic bone

  The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) participates in forming the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit, but not the medial wall.

• Lacrimal bone

  The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) participates in forming the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit, but not the medial wall.

• Orbital plate of the ethmoid bone

  The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) participates in forming the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit, but not the medial wall.

• Body of the sphenoid bone

  The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) participates in forming the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit, but not the medial wall.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) participates in forming the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit, but not the medial wall.

3. Which extraocular muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (n. abducens)?

• Medial rectus muscle

  The abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve) provides motor innervation to only one muscle—the lateral rectus (m. rectus lateralis).

• Lateral rectus muscle.

  The abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve) provides motor innervation to only one muscle—the lateral rectus (m. rectus lateralis).

• Superior oblique muscle.

  The abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve) provides motor innervation to only one muscle—the lateral rectus (m. rectus lateralis).

• Inferior oblique muscle.

  The abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve) provides motor innervation to only one muscle—the lateral rectus (m. rectus lateralis).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The abducens nerve (VI cranial nerve) provides motor innervation to only one muscle—the lateral rectus (m. rectus lateralis).

4. Through which structure does the ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmica) pass at the entrance to the orbit?

• Superior orbital fissure

  The ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) enters the orbital cavity through the optic canal along with the optic nerve.

• Inferior orbital fissure

  The ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) enters the orbital cavity through the optic canal along with the optic nerve.

• Supraorbital foramen

  The ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) enters the orbital cavity through the optic canal along with the optic nerve.

• Optic canal

  The ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) enters the orbital cavity through the optic canal along with the optic nerve.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) enters the orbital cavity through the optic canal along with the optic nerve.

5. What structure passes through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring (anulus tendineus communis)?

• Trochlear nerve

  The trochlear, frontal, and lacrimal nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic vein, pass through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring.

• Nasociliary nerve

  The trochlear, frontal, and lacrimal nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic vein, pass through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring.

• Abducens nerve

  The trochlear, frontal, and lacrimal nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic vein, pass through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring.

• Oculomotor nerve

  The trochlear, frontal, and lacrimal nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic vein, pass through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The trochlear, frontal, and lacrimal nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic vein, pass through the superior orbital fissure outside the common tendinous ring.

6. Which artery's branch is the central retinal artery (a. centralis retinae)?

• External carotid artery

  The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, penetrates the thickness of the optic nerve, and reaches the retina, supplying it with blood.

• Facial artery

  The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, penetrates the thickness of the optic nerve, and reaches the retina, supplying it with blood.

• Maxillary artery

  The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, penetrates the thickness of the optic nerve, and reaches the retina, supplying it with blood.

• Ophthalmic artery

  The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, penetrates the thickness of the optic nerve, and reaches the retina, supplying it with blood.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The central retinal artery branches off the ophthalmic artery, penetrates the thickness of the optic nerve, and reaches the retina, supplying it with blood.

7. Which of the listed muscles does NOT originate from the common tendinous ring?

• Superior rectus muscle.

  The inferior oblique muscle (m. obliquus inferior) originates from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal sac fossa, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

• Inferior oblique muscle.

  The inferior oblique muscle (m. obliquus inferior) originates from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal sac fossa, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

• Medial rectus muscle

  The inferior oblique muscle (m. obliquus inferior) originates from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal sac fossa, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

• Superior oblique muscle.

  The inferior oblique muscle (m. obliquus inferior) originates from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal sac fossa, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The inferior oblique muscle (m. obliquus inferior) originates from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal sac fossa, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

8. Where is the lacrimal gland fossa (fossa glandulae lacrimalis) located?

• In the medial angle of the superior orbital wall

  The lacrimal gland is located in its eponymous fossa in the lateral part of the superior orbital wall, formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone.

• On the orbital surface of the maxilla

  The lacrimal gland is located in its eponymous fossa in the lateral part of the superior orbital wall, formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone.

• In the lateral angle of the superior orbital wall

  The lacrimal gland is located in its eponymous fossa in the lateral part of the superior orbital wall, formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone.

• On the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone

  The lacrimal gland is located in its eponymous fossa in the lateral part of the superior orbital wall, formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The lacrimal gland is located in its eponymous fossa in the lateral part of the superior orbital wall, formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone.

9. Which structure adjoins the inferior wall of the orbit, separating it from the cavity of the corresponding sinus?

• Sphenoidal sinus

  The inferior wall of the orbit, formed predominantly by the orbital surface of the maxilla, is the superior wall of the maxillary sinus (maxillary antrum).

• Frontal sinus

  The inferior wall of the orbit, formed predominantly by the orbital surface of the maxilla, is the superior wall of the maxillary sinus (maxillary antrum).

• Cells of the ethmoid bone

  The inferior wall of the orbit, formed predominantly by the orbital surface of the maxilla, is the superior wall of the maxillary sinus (maxillary antrum).

• Maxillary sinus

  The inferior wall of the orbit, formed predominantly by the orbital surface of the maxilla, is the superior wall of the maxillary sinus (maxillary antrum).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The inferior wall of the orbit, formed predominantly by the orbital surface of the maxilla, is the superior wall of the maxillary sinus (maxillary antrum).

10. From which ganglion do postganglionic parasympathetic fibers head to the sphincter pupillae muscle?

• Ciliary ganglion

  The ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) sends short ciliary nerves containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.

• Pterygopalatine ganglion

  The ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) sends short ciliary nerves containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.

• Otic ganglion

  The ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) sends short ciliary nerves containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.

• Submandibular ganglion

  The ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) sends short ciliary nerves containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ciliary ganglion (ganglion ciliare) sends short ciliary nerves containing postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.

11. Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the cornea?

• Lacrimal nerve

  The cornea is innervated by long (from the nasociliary nerve) and short (from the ciliary ganglion) ciliary nerves, which form plexuses in the cornea.

• Infraorbital nerve

  The cornea is innervated by long (from the nasociliary nerve) and short (from the ciliary ganglion) ciliary nerves, which form plexuses in the cornea.

• Short and long ciliary nerves

  The cornea is innervated by long (from the nasociliary nerve) and short (from the ciliary ganglion) ciliary nerves, which form plexuses in the cornea.

• Supraorbital nerve

  The cornea is innervated by long (from the nasociliary nerve) and short (from the ciliary ganglion) ciliary nerves, which form plexuses in the cornea.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The cornea is innervated by long (from the nasociliary nerve) and short (from the ciliary ganglion) ciliary nerves, which form plexuses in the cornea.

12. Which orbital wall is the thinnest and most fragile (lamina papyracea)?

• Superior wall

  The medial wall is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), which is very thin.

• Medial wall

  The medial wall is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), which is very thin.

• Inferior wall

  The medial wall is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), which is very thin.

• Lateral wall

  The medial wall is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), which is very thin.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The medial wall is mainly formed by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea), which is very thin.

13. What movement does the superior oblique muscle create upon contraction?

• Rotation upwards and outwards

  The superior oblique muscle (m. obliquus superior) rotates the eyeball downwards (depression) and outwards (abduction), and also performs intorsion (internal rotation).

• Rotation upwards and inwards

  The superior oblique muscle (m. obliquus superior) rotates the eyeball downwards (depression) and outwards (abduction), and also performs intorsion (internal rotation).

• Rotation downwards and inwards

  The superior oblique muscle (m. obliquus superior) rotates the eyeball downwards (depression) and outwards (abduction), and also performs intorsion (internal rotation).

• Rotation downwards and outwards

  The superior oblique muscle (m. obliquus superior) rotates the eyeball downwards (depression) and outwards (abduction), and also performs intorsion (internal rotation).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior oblique muscle (m. obliquus superior) rotates the eyeball downwards (depression) and outwards (abduction), and also performs intorsion (internal rotation).

14. Which orbital vein connects directly to the facial vein through the angular vein (v. angularis)?

• Superior ophthalmic vein

  The superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior) anastomoses with the facial vein via the angular vein at the medial angle of the eye.

• Inferior ophthalmic vein

  The superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior) anastomoses with the facial vein via the angular vein at the medial angle of the eye.

• Central retinal vein

  The superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior) anastomoses with the facial vein via the angular vein at the medial angle of the eye.

• Lacrimal vein

  The superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior) anastomoses with the facial vein via the angular vein at the medial angle of the eye.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior) anastomoses with the facial vein via the angular vein at the medial angle of the eye.

15. Through which foramen does the infraorbital nerve (n. infraorbitalis) exit the orbit?

• Inferior orbital fissure

  The infraorbital nerve traverses the inferior orbital wall through the infraorbital canal and exits onto the anterior face surface via the infraorbital foramen (foramen infraorbitale).

• Infraorbital foramen

  The infraorbital nerve traverses the inferior orbital wall through the infraorbital canal and exits onto the anterior face surface via the infraorbital foramen (foramen infraorbitale).

• Foramen rotundum

  The infraorbital nerve traverses the inferior orbital wall through the infraorbital canal and exits onto the anterior face surface via the infraorbital foramen (foramen infraorbitale).

• Supraorbital notch

  The infraorbital nerve traverses the inferior orbital wall through the infraorbital canal and exits onto the anterior face surface via the infraorbital foramen (foramen infraorbitale).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The infraorbital nerve traverses the inferior orbital wall through the infraorbital canal and exits onto the anterior face surface via the infraorbital foramen (foramen infraorbitale).

16. What is located in the episcleral space (spatium episclerale) surrounding the eyeball?

• Cerebrospinal fluid

  The episcleral (Tenon's) space is situated between the eyeball sheath (Tenon's capsule) and the sclera, containing loose connective tissue and tissue fluid to ensure free movement of the eye.

• Adipose tissue

  The episcleral (Tenon's) space is situated between the eyeball sheath (Tenon's capsule) and the sclera, containing loose connective tissue and tissue fluid to ensure free movement of the eye.

• Intertissue fluid

  The episcleral (Tenon's) space is situated between the eyeball sheath (Tenon's capsule) and the sclera, containing loose connective tissue and tissue fluid to ensure free movement of the eye.

• Venous plexus

  The episcleral (Tenon's) space is situated between the eyeball sheath (Tenon's capsule) and the sclera, containing loose connective tissue and tissue fluid to ensure free movement of the eye.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The episcleral (Tenon's) space is situated between the eyeball sheath (Tenon's capsule) and the sclera, containing loose connective tissue and tissue fluid to ensure free movement of the eye.

17. Which part of the eyeball corresponds to the vascular tunic (tunica vasculosa bulbi)?

• Cornea

  The vascular tunic (uveal tract) consists of three parts: the iris (iris), the ciliary body (corpus ciliare), and the choroid (choroid).

• Sclera

  The vascular tunic (uveal tract) consists of three parts: the iris (iris), the ciliary body (corpus ciliare), and the choroid (choroid).

• Retina

  The vascular tunic (uveal tract) consists of three parts: the iris (iris), the ciliary body (corpus ciliare), and the choroid (choroid).

• Iris

  The vascular tunic (uveal tract) consists of three parts: the iris (iris), the ciliary body (corpus ciliare), and the choroid (choroid).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The vascular tunic (uveal tract) consists of three parts: the iris (iris), the ciliary body (corpus ciliare), and the choroid (choroid).

18. What characteristic is true for the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid (m. levator palpebrae superioris)?

• Innervated by the oculomotor nerve

  The muscle that elevates the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), except for its smooth muscle part (Müller's muscle), which has sympathetic innervation.

• Innervated by the facial nerve

  The muscle that elevates the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), except for its smooth muscle part (Müller's muscle), which has sympathetic innervation.

• Originates from the inferior wall of the orbit

  The muscle that elevates the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), except for its smooth muscle part (Müller's muscle), which has sympathetic innervation.

• Interwoven with the orbicularis oculi muscle

  The muscle that elevates the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), except for its smooth muscle part (Müller's muscle), which has sympathetic innervation.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The muscle that elevates the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), except for its smooth muscle part (Müller's muscle), which has sympathetic innervation.

19. Where does the nasolacrimal duct (ductus nasolacrimalis) open?

• Into the superior nasal meatus.

  The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac and opens into the anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus.

• Into the inferior nasal meatus.

  The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac and opens into the anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus.

• Into the middle nasal meatus.

  The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac and opens into the anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus.

• Into the nasal cavity vestibule

  The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac and opens into the anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac and opens into the anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus.

20. What structure passes through the inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior)?

• Optic nerve

  Through the inferior orbital fissure, the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (branches of V2), and the infraorbital vessels enter the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein exits.

• Frontal nerve

  Through the inferior orbital fissure, the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (branches of V2), and the infraorbital vessels enter the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein exits.

• Zygomatic nerve

  Through the inferior orbital fissure, the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (branches of V2), and the infraorbital vessels enter the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein exits.

• Oculomotor nerve

  Through the inferior orbital fissure, the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (branches of V2), and the infraorbital vessels enter the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein exits.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Through the inferior orbital fissure, the zygomatic and infraorbital nerves (branches of V2), and the infraorbital vessels enter the orbit, while the inferior ophthalmic vein exits.