Anatomy test of the spinal cord and its nerves.

Evaluate the knowledge of spinal cord and nerve anatomy. The test covers internal structure, topography, membranes, blood supply, and innervation.

1/20

1. At what level does the spinal cord usually terminate in an adult?

Lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra.

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 or the upper border of L2 (conus medullaris).
Lower border of the first or upper border of the second lumbar vertebra.

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 or the upper border of L2 (conus medullaris).
Level of the third lumbar vertebra.

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 or the upper border of L2 (conus medullaris).
Level of the sacral promontory.

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 or the upper border of L2 (conus medullaris).
I find it difficult to answer

In adults, the spinal cord typically terminates at the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 or the upper border of L2 (conus medullaris).

2. At what segments is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord located?

C1-C4

The cervical enlargement (intumescentia cervicalis) is located from the fourth cervical to the first thoracic segment, providing innervation to the upper limbs.
C6-Th2

The cervical enlargement (intumescentia cervicalis) is located from the fourth cervical to the first thoracic segment, providing innervation to the upper limbs.
C4-Th1

The cervical enlargement (intumescentia cervicalis) is located from the fourth cervical to the first thoracic segment, providing innervation to the upper limbs.
C2-C5

The cervical enlargement (intumescentia cervicalis) is located from the fourth cervical to the first thoracic segment, providing innervation to the upper limbs.
I find it difficult to answer

The cervical enlargement (intumescentia cervicalis) is located from the fourth cervical to the first thoracic segment, providing innervation to the upper limbs.

3. Which vessel predominantly forms the anterior spinal artery?

From the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

The anterior spinal artery is formed by the fusion of two anterior spinal branches originating from the right and left vertebral arteries.
From the basilar artery.

The anterior spinal artery is formed by the fusion of two anterior spinal branches originating from the right and left vertebral arteries.
From the junction of the branches of both vertebral arteries.

The anterior spinal artery is formed by the fusion of two anterior spinal branches originating from the right and left vertebral arteries.
From the ascending cervical artery.

The anterior spinal artery is formed by the fusion of two anterior spinal branches originating from the right and left vertebral arteries.
I find it difficult to answer

The anterior spinal artery is formed by the fusion of two anterior spinal branches originating from the right and left vertebral arteries.

4. What structure continues from the pia mater below the medullary cone?

Cauda equina.

The inner part of the terminal filum is a remnant of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.
Denticulate ligament.

The inner part of the terminal filum is a remnant of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.
Arachnoid mater

The inner part of the terminal filum is a remnant of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.
The inner terminal filum represents the rudiment of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.

The inner part of the terminal filum is a remnant of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.
I find it difficult to answer

The inner part of the terminal filum is a remnant of the caudal end of the spinal cord and is mainly formed by the pia mater.

5. At which level does the great anterior radicular-spinal artery (artery of Adamkiewicz) most commonly enter the spinal canal?

Th8 - L3 on the left.

The artery of Adamkiewicz (a. radicularis magna) most frequently originates from the left lower intercostal or upper lumbar arteries (at the level of Th8-L3) and supplies the lower half of the spinal cord.
C5 - C8 on the left.

The artery of Adamkiewicz (a. radicularis magna) most frequently originates from the left lower intercostal or upper lumbar arteries (at the level of Th8-L3) and supplies the lower half of the spinal cord.
Th2 - Th6 on the right.

The artery of Adamkiewicz (a. radicularis magna) most frequently originates from the left lower intercostal or upper lumbar arteries (at the level of Th8-L3) and supplies the lower half of the spinal cord.
L4 - S1 on the right.

The artery of Adamkiewicz (a. radicularis magna) most frequently originates from the left lower intercostal or upper lumbar arteries (at the level of Th8-L3) and supplies the lower half of the spinal cord.
I find it difficult to answer

The artery of Adamkiewicz (a. radicularis magna) most frequently originates from the left lower intercostal or upper lumbar arteries (at the level of Th8-L3) and supplies the lower half of the spinal cord.

6. Where are the bodies of sensory (pseudounipolar) neurons, whose axons form the posterior root of the spinal nerve, located?

In the posterior horns of the spinal cord.

The bodies of the first (sensory) neurons are located in the spinal ganglia situated in the intervertebral foramina.
In the spinal ganglion (ganglion spinale).

The bodies of the first (sensory) neurons are located in the spinal ganglia situated in the intervertebral foramina.
In the lateral horns of the spinal cord.

The bodies of the first (sensory) neurons are located in the spinal ganglia situated in the intervertebral foramina.
In the sympathetic trunk.

The bodies of the first (sensory) neurons are located in the spinal ganglia situated in the intervertebral foramina.
I find it difficult to answer

The bodies of the first (sensory) neurons are located in the spinal ganglia situated in the intervertebral foramina.

7. How many segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord?

8

Twelve segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord (pars thoracica), corresponding to twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.
10

Twelve segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord (pars thoracica), corresponding to twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.
12

Twelve segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord (pars thoracica), corresponding to twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.
5

Twelve segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord (pars thoracica), corresponding to twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.
I find it difficult to answer

Twelve segments are distinguished in the thoracic part of the spinal cord (pars thoracica), corresponding to twelve pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.

8. Through which foramen does the eighth cervical spinal nerve (C8) exit?

Between the occipital bone and the atlas.

In the cervical region, there are eight nerves and seven vertebrae. The C8 nerve exits through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical (C7) and the first thoracic (Th1) vertebrae.
Between C6 and C7.

In the cervical region, there are eight nerves and seven vertebrae. The C8 nerve exits through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical (C7) and the first thoracic (Th1) vertebrae.
Between Th1 and Th2.

In the cervical region, there are eight nerves and seven vertebrae. The C8 nerve exits through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical (C7) and the first thoracic (Th1) vertebrae.
Between C7 and Th1.

In the cervical region, there are eight nerves and seven vertebrae. The C8 nerve exits through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical (C7) and the first thoracic (Th1) vertebrae.
I find it difficult to answer

In the cervical region, there are eight nerves and seven vertebrae. The C8 nerve exits through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical (C7) and the first thoracic (Th1) vertebrae.

9. From which spinal nerve roots is the cauda equina formed?

Roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves.

The cauda equina is formed by the roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves (from L2 to Co1), descending from the medullary cone.
Only of the sacral nerves.

The cauda equina is formed by the roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves (from L2 to Co1), descending from the medullary cone.
All thoracic and lumbar.

The cauda equina is formed by the roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves (from L2 to Co1), descending from the medullary cone.
Cervical and upper thoracic.

The cauda equina is formed by the roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves (from L2 to Co1), descending from the medullary cone.
I find it difficult to answer

The cauda equina is formed by the roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves (from L2 to Co1), descending from the medullary cone.

10. Where does venous blood from the spinal cord mainly drain into?

Into the external vertebral venous plexus.

Venous drainage from the spinal cord is carried out through the veins of the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus (plexus venosus vertebralis internus), located in the epidural space.
Into the internal vertebral venous plexus.

Venous drainage from the spinal cord is carried out through the veins of the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus (plexus venosus vertebralis internus), located in the epidural space.
Directly into the inferior vena cava

Venous drainage from the spinal cord is carried out through the veins of the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus (plexus venosus vertebralis internus), located in the epidural space.
Into the portal vein system.

Venous drainage from the spinal cord is carried out through the veins of the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus (plexus venosus vertebralis internus), located in the epidural space.
I find it difficult to answer

Venous drainage from the spinal cord is carried out through the veins of the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus (plexus venosus vertebralis internus), located in the epidural space.

11. What space is located between the arachnoid and pia mater of the spinal cord?

Epidural space.

The subarachnoid (subdural) space is located between the arachnoid (arachnoidea mater) and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Subdural space

The subarachnoid (subdural) space is located between the arachnoid (arachnoidea mater) and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Subarachnoid space

The subarachnoid (subdural) space is located between the arachnoid (arachnoidea mater) and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Perivascular space.

The subarachnoid (subdural) space is located between the arachnoid (arachnoidea mater) and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
I find it difficult to answer

The subarachnoid (subdural) space is located between the arachnoid (arachnoidea mater) and the pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

12. Which branch of the spinal nerve contributes to the formation of the plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbosacral)?

Posterior branch.

Somatic nervous system plexuses are formed exclusively by the anterior branches (rami anteriores) of the spinal nerves (except thoracic).
Meningeal branch.

Somatic nervous system plexuses are formed exclusively by the anterior branches (rami anteriores) of the spinal nerves (except thoracic).
White connecting branch.

Somatic nervous system plexuses are formed exclusively by the anterior branches (rami anteriores) of the spinal nerves (except thoracic).
Anterior branch.

Somatic nervous system plexuses are formed exclusively by the anterior branches (rami anteriores) of the spinal nerves (except thoracic).
I find it difficult to answer

Somatic nervous system plexuses are formed exclusively by the anterior branches (rami anteriores) of the spinal nerves (except thoracic).

13. The denticulate ligament (lig. denticulatum), anchoring the spinal cord in the frontal plane, is derived from which meningeal layer?

Pia mater.

The denticulate ligament is formed by a duplicature of the pia mater and is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater.
Dura mater.

The denticulate ligament is formed by a duplicature of the pia mater and is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater.
Arachnoid mater.

The denticulate ligament is formed by a duplicature of the pia mater and is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater.
Epineurium.

The denticulate ligament is formed by a duplicature of the pia mater and is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater.
I find it difficult to answer

The denticulate ligament is formed by a duplicature of the pia mater and is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater.

14. How many posterior spinal arteries (aa. spinales posteriores) typically supply the spinal cord?

One.

The posterior third of the spinal cord is supplied by two paired posterior spinal arteries, running along the posterolateral sulci.
Four.

The posterior third of the spinal cord is supplied by two paired posterior spinal arteries, running along the posterolateral sulci.
Two.

The posterior third of the spinal cord is supplied by two paired posterior spinal arteries, running along the posterolateral sulci.
Three.

The posterior third of the spinal cord is supplied by two paired posterior spinal arteries, running along the posterolateral sulci.
I find it difficult to answer

The posterior third of the spinal cord is supplied by two paired posterior spinal arteries, running along the posterolateral sulci.

15. From which segments of the spinal cord do the white communicating branches (rami communicantes albi) arise towards the sympathetic trunk?

From all segments.

White communicating branches contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and emerge only from those spinal cord segments where lateral horns are present (Th1-L2/L3).
From Th1 to L2 (L3).

White communicating branches contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and emerge only from those spinal cord segments where lateral horns are present (Th1-L2/L3).
From C1 to C8.

White communicating branches contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and emerge only from those spinal cord segments where lateral horns are present (Th1-L2/L3).
From S2 to S4.

White communicating branches contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and emerge only from those spinal cord segments where lateral horns are present (Th1-L2/L3).
I find it difficult to answer

White communicating branches contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers and emerge only from those spinal cord segments where lateral horns are present (Th1-L2/L3).

16. What normally fills the epidural space of the spinal canal?

Cerebrospinal fluid

The epidural space is located between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater, containing adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Air.

The epidural space is located between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater, containing adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Lymph.

The epidural space is located between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater, containing adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Adipose tissue and venous plexuses.

The epidural space is located between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater, containing adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus.
I find it difficult to answer

The epidural space is located between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater, containing adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus.

17. In which groove of the spinal cord do the anterior rootlets (fila radicularia anteriora) exit?

Anterolateral groove.

Motor axons exit the spinal cord as rootlets through the anterolateral groove, forming the anterior root.
Anterior median fissure.

Motor axons exit the spinal cord as rootlets through the anterolateral groove, forming the anterior root.
Posterolateral groove.

Motor axons exit the spinal cord as rootlets through the anterolateral groove, forming the anterior root.
Posterior median groove.

Motor axons exit the spinal cord as rootlets through the anterolateral groove, forming the anterior root.
I find it difficult to answer

Motor axons exit the spinal cord as rootlets through the anterolateral groove, forming the anterior root.

18. Which structure is innervated by the meningeal branch (ramus meningeus) of the spinal nerve?

Deep back muscles

The meningeal (recurrent) branch of the spinal nerve returns through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal, innervating the dura mater, periosteum, and posterior longitudinal ligament.
Skin along the spine.

The meningeal (recurrent) branch of the spinal nerve returns through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal, innervating the dura mater, periosteum, and posterior longitudinal ligament.
Membranes of the spinal cord and ligaments of the spine.

The meningeal (recurrent) branch of the spinal nerve returns through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal, innervating the dura mater, periosteum, and posterior longitudinal ligament.
Sympathetic trunk

The meningeal (recurrent) branch of the spinal nerve returns through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal, innervating the dura mater, periosteum, and posterior longitudinal ligament.
I find it difficult to answer

The meningeal (recurrent) branch of the spinal nerve returns through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal, innervating the dura mater, periosteum, and posterior longitudinal ligament.

19. Around what structure is the gray matter of the spinal cord directly situated?

Under the pia mater

In a transverse section, the gray matter is located at the center of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, surrounding the central canal (canalis centralis) containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Around the central canal

In a transverse section, the gray matter is located at the center of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, surrounding the central canal (canalis centralis) containing cerebrospinal fluid.
On the periphery of the spinal cord

In a transverse section, the gray matter is located at the center of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, surrounding the central canal (canalis centralis) containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Isolated between the anterior and posterior funiculi

In a transverse section, the gray matter is located at the center of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, surrounding the central canal (canalis centralis) containing cerebrospinal fluid.
I find it difficult to answer

In a transverse section, the gray matter is located at the center of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, surrounding the central canal (canalis centralis) containing cerebrospinal fluid.

20. From which arteries do the radicular arteries (aa. radiculares) primarily receive blood in the thoracic section?

From the vertebral arteries

In the thoracic section, segmental blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by radicular branches, originating from the posterior intercostal arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).
From the lumbar arteries

In the thoracic section, segmental blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by radicular branches, originating from the posterior intercostal arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).
From the axillary artery

In the thoracic section, segmental blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by radicular branches, originating from the posterior intercostal arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).
From the posterior intercostal arteries

In the thoracic section, segmental blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by radicular branches, originating from the posterior intercostal arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).
I find it difficult to answer

In the thoracic section, segmental blood supply to the spinal cord is provided by radicular branches, originating from the posterior intercostal arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).