Test on the anatomy of abdominal and pelvic nerves.

1. Which nerve penetrates the thickness of the psoas major muscle and emerges on its anterior surface?

• N. iliohypogastricus

  The genitofemoral nerve (n. genitofemoralis) pierces the psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface. psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface.

• N. genitofemoralis

  The genitofemoral nerve (n. genitofemoralis) pierces the psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface. psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface.

• N. ilioinguinalis

  The genitofemoral nerve (n. genitofemoralis) pierces the psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface. psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface.

• N. cutaneus femoris lateralis

  The genitofemoral nerve (n. genitofemoralis) pierces the psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface. psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The genitofemoral nerve (n. genitofemoralis) pierces the psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface. psoas major and divides into genital and femoral branches on its anterior surface.

2. From which spinal cord segments does the obturator nerve (n. obturatorius) predominantly form?

• Th12 - L1

  The obturator nerve is formed from the anterior branches of spinal nerves L2, L3, and L4.

• L1 - L2

  The obturator nerve is formed from the anterior branches of spinal nerves L2, L3, and L4.

• L2 - L4

  The obturator nerve is formed from the anterior branches of spinal nerves L2, L3, and L4.

• L4 - S3

  The obturator nerve is formed from the anterior branches of spinal nerves L2, L3, and L4.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The obturator nerve is formed from the anterior branches of spinal nerves L2, L3, and L4.

3. Which structure exits the pelvic cavity through the suprapiriform foramen (foramen suprapiriforme)?

• N. pudendus

  The superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, including the n. gluteus superior.

• N. ischiadicus

  The superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, including the n. gluteus superior.

• N. cutaneus femoris posterior

  The superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, including the n. gluteus superior.

• N. gluteus superior

  The superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, including the n. gluteus superior.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior gluteal neurovascular bundle, including the n. gluteus superior.

4. From which plexus is the n. ilioinguinalis?

• Lumbar plexus

  The ilioinguinal nerve is a short branch of the lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis).

• Sacral plexus

  The ilioinguinal nerve is a short branch of the lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis).

• Coccygeal plexus

  The ilioinguinal nerve is a short branch of the lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis).

• Celiac plexus

  The ilioinguinal nerve is a short branch of the lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ilioinguinal nerve is a short branch of the lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis).

5. What nerve fibers are predominantly contained in the pelvic splanchnic nerves (nn. splanchnici pelvici)?

• Postganglionic sympathetic

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments S2-S4.

• Preganglionic parasympathetic

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments S2-S4.

• Postganglionic parasympathetic

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments S2-S4.

• Motor somatic

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments S2-S4.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from sacral segments S2-S4.

6. Which nerve passes through the inguinal canal alongside the spermatic cord in men or the round ligament of the uterus in women?

• N. pudendus

  The ilioinguinal nerve (n. ilioinguinalis) runs in the inguinal canal, exiting through the superficial inguinal ring.

• R. femoralis n. genitofemoralis originate

  The ilioinguinal nerve (n. ilioinguinalis) runs in the inguinal canal, exiting through the superficial inguinal ring.

• N. iliohypogastricus

  The ilioinguinal nerve (n. ilioinguinalis) runs in the inguinal canal, exiting through the superficial inguinal ring.

• N. ilioinguinalis

  The ilioinguinal nerve (n. ilioinguinalis) runs in the inguinal canal, exiting through the superficial inguinal ring.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ilioinguinal nerve (n. ilioinguinalis) runs in the inguinal canal, exiting through the superficial inguinal ring.

7. Where is the unpaired ganglion (ganglion impar) of the sympathetic trunk located?

• On the anterior surface of the sacral promontory

  The ganglion impar is a conjoined inferior node of the sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx.

• In the thickness of the sacrospinous ligament

  The ganglion impar is a conjoined inferior node of the sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx.

• On the anterior surface of the coccyx

  The ganglion impar is a conjoined inferior node of the sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx.

• At the aortic bifurcation point

  The ganglion impar is a conjoined inferior node of the sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The ganglion impar is a conjoined inferior node of the sympathetic trunks, lying on the anterior surface of the coccyx.

8. Branches of which plexus form the inferior hypogastric plexus (plexus hypogastricus inferior)?

• Nn. splanchnici pelvici, nn. splanchnici sacrales and branches of the superior hypogastric plexus

  The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by nn. splanchnici pelvici, sacral splanchnic nerves, and continuation of the superior hypogastric plexus.

• Nn. splanchnici lumbales and posterior vagal trunk

  The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by nn. splanchnici pelvici, sacral splanchnic nerves, and continuation of the superior hypogastric plexus.

• N. pudendus and n. ischiadicus

  The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by nn. splanchnici pelvici, sacral splanchnic nerves, and continuation of the superior hypogastric plexus.

• Branches of the celiac plexus and the vagus nerve

  The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by nn. splanchnici pelvici, sacral splanchnic nerves, and continuation of the superior hypogastric plexus.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The inferior hypogastric plexus is formed by nn. splanchnici pelvici, sacral splanchnic nerves, and continuation of the superior hypogastric plexus.

9. Which nerve innervates the m. cremaster?

• R. femoralis n. genitofemoralis originate

  The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the inguinal canal and innervates the cremaster muscle.

• N. ilioinguinalis

  The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the inguinal canal and innervates the cremaster muscle.

• N. pudendus

  The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the inguinal canal and innervates the cremaster muscle.

• R. genitalis n. genitofemoralis originate

  The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the inguinal canal and innervates the cremaster muscle.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the inguinal canal and innervates the cremaster muscle.

10. From which roots is the n. pudendus (pudendal nerve) formed?

• Th12 - L2

  The pudendal nerve (n. pudendus) is formed from the anterior branches of the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.

• L4 - S1

  The pudendal nerve (n. pudendus) is formed from the anterior branches of the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.

• S2 - S4

  The pudendal nerve (n. pudendus) is formed from the anterior branches of the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.

• S4 - Co1

  The pudendal nerve (n. pudendus) is formed from the anterior branches of the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pudendal nerve (n. pudendus) is formed from the anterior branches of the second to fourth sacral spinal nerves.

11. Which anatomical structure does the pudendal nerve loop around, exiting the pelvic cavity and returning to the ischioanal fossa?

• Sacrotuberous ligament

  The pudendal nerve exits through the infrapiriform foramen, loops around the ischial spine (spina ischiadica), and enters the ischioanal fossa through the lesser sciatic foramen.

• Ischial spine

  The pudendal nerve exits through the infrapiriform foramen, loops around the ischial spine (spina ischiadica), and enters the ischioanal fossa through the lesser sciatic foramen.

• Obturator membrane

  The pudendal nerve exits through the infrapiriform foramen, loops around the ischial spine (spina ischiadica), and enters the ischioanal fossa through the lesser sciatic foramen.

• Femoral neck

  The pudendal nerve exits through the infrapiriform foramen, loops around the ischial spine (spina ischiadica), and enters the ischioanal fossa through the lesser sciatic foramen.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pudendal nerve exits through the infrapiriform foramen, loops around the ischial spine (spina ischiadica), and enters the ischioanal fossa through the lesser sciatic foramen.

12. Which nerve of the lumbar plexus emerges from under the lateral edge of the m. psoas major and travels to the anterior superior iliac spine?

• N. obturatorius

  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoris lateralis) emerges from beneath the lateral edge of the psoas major muscle and proceeds to the anterior superior iliac spine.

• N. genitofemoralis

  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoris lateralis) emerges from beneath the lateral edge of the psoas major muscle and proceeds to the anterior superior iliac spine.

• N. cutaneus femoris lateralis

  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoris lateralis) emerges from beneath the lateral edge of the psoas major muscle and proceeds to the anterior superior iliac spine.

• N. ischiadicus

  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoris lateralis) emerges from beneath the lateral edge of the psoas major muscle and proceeds to the anterior superior iliac spine.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (n. cutaneus femoris lateralis) emerges from beneath the lateral edge of the psoas major muscle and proceeds to the anterior superior iliac spine.

13. What is the main source of parasympathetic innervation for the descending colon?

• Truncus vagalis anterior

  The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, not from the vagus nerve.

• Truncus vagalis posterior

  The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, not from the vagus nerve.

• Nn. splanchnici lumbales

  The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, not from the vagus nerve.

• Nn. splanchnici pelvici

  The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, not from the vagus nerve.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves, not from the vagus nerve.

14. What are the nodes of the celiac plexus (plexus celiacus) called that have a semilunar shape?

• Ganglia celiaca

  Paired celiac ganglia (ganglia celiaca), located laterally to the celiac trunk, have a characteristic semilunar shape.

• Ganglia mesenterica superiora

  Paired celiac ganglia (ganglia celiaca), located laterally to the celiac trunk, have a characteristic semilunar shape.

• Ganglia aortorenalia

  Paired celiac ganglia (ganglia celiaca), located laterally to the celiac trunk, have a characteristic semilunar shape.

• Ganglia lumbalia

  Paired celiac ganglia (ganglia celiaca), located laterally to the celiac trunk, have a characteristic semilunar shape.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Paired celiac ganglia (ganglia celiaca), located laterally to the celiac trunk, have a characteristic semilunar shape.

15. Which nerves travel in the thickness of the broad ligament of the uterus along the uterine arteries?

• Ilioinguinal nerves

  The uterovaginal plexus, a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus, runs in the parametrium along the uterine vessels.

• Branches of the inferior hypogastric plexus

  The uterovaginal plexus, a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus, runs in the parametrium along the uterine vessels.

• Pudendal nerves

  The uterovaginal plexus, a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus, runs in the parametrium along the uterine vessels.

• Obturator nerves

  The uterovaginal plexus, a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus, runs in the parametrium along the uterine vessels.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The uterovaginal plexus, a derivative of the inferior hypogastric plexus, runs in the parametrium along the uterine vessels.

16. Through which hiatus in the diaphragm does the n. splanchnicus major penetrates into the abdominal cavity?

• Aortic hiatus

  The greater splanchnic nerve penetrates into the abdominal cavity through the gap between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragmatic crura.

• Between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragm

  The greater splanchnic nerve penetrates into the abdominal cavity through the gap between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragmatic crura.

• Esophageal hiatus

  The greater splanchnic nerve penetrates into the abdominal cavity through the gap between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragmatic crura.

• Through the central tendon

  The greater splanchnic nerve penetrates into the abdominal cavity through the gap between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragmatic crura.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The greater splanchnic nerve penetrates into the abdominal cavity through the gap between the medial and intermediate crura of the diaphragmatic crura.

17. Which plexus is the direct continuation of the intermesenteric plexus below the aortic bifurcation?

• Superior hypogastric plexus

  The superior hypogastric plexus (n. presacralis) is situated on the promontory of the sacrum as the caudal continuation of the aortic (intermesenteric) plexus.

• Celiac plexus

  The superior hypogastric plexus (n. presacralis) is situated on the promontory of the sacrum as the caudal continuation of the aortic (intermesenteric) plexus.

• Inferior hypogastric plexus

  The superior hypogastric plexus (n. presacralis) is situated on the promontory of the sacrum as the caudal continuation of the aortic (intermesenteric) plexus.

• Sacral plexus

  The superior hypogastric plexus (n. presacralis) is situated on the promontory of the sacrum as the caudal continuation of the aortic (intermesenteric) plexus.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior hypogastric plexus (n. presacralis) is situated on the promontory of the sacrum as the caudal continuation of the aortic (intermesenteric) plexus.

18. Which pelvic muscle serves as a landmark for dividing the greater sciatic foramen into the suprapiriformis and infrapiriformis foramina through which the sacral plexus nerves exit?

• M. obturatorius internus

  The piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into foramen suprapiriforme and foramen infrapiriforme.

• M. levator ani

  The piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into foramen suprapiriforme and foramen infrapiriforme.

• M. gemellus superior

  The piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into foramen suprapiriforme and foramen infrapiriforme.

• M. piriformis

  The piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into foramen suprapiriforme and foramen infrapiriforme.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into foramen suprapiriforme and foramen infrapiriforme.

19. Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles?

• N. ischiadicus

  The sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps) with its muscular branches.

• N. femoralis

  The sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps) with its muscular branches.

• N. obturatorius

  The sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps) with its muscular branches.

• Inferior gluteal nerve

  The sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps) with its muscular branches.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The sciatic nerve (n. ischiadicus) innervates the posterior group of thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps) with its muscular branches.

20. Where is the superior hypogastric plexus (plexus hypogastricus superior) projected and topographically located?

• In the lesser pelvis laterally to the rectum

  The superior hypogastric plexus is located retroperitoneally at the level of the aortic bifurcation, L5 vertebral body, and anterior surface of the sacral promontory (promontory).

• On the anterior surface of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the promontory of the sacrum

  The superior hypogastric plexus is located retroperitoneally at the level of the aortic bifurcation, L5 vertebral body, and anterior surface of the sacral promontory (promontory).

• Around the opening of the superior mesenteric artery

  The superior hypogastric plexus is located retroperitoneally at the level of the aortic bifurcation, L5 vertebral body, and anterior surface of the sacral promontory (promontory).

• In the iliac fossa

  The superior hypogastric plexus is located retroperitoneally at the level of the aortic bifurcation, L5 vertebral body, and anterior surface of the sacral promontory (promontory).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The superior hypogastric plexus is located retroperitoneally at the level of the aortic bifurcation, L5 vertebral body, and anterior surface of the sacral promontory (promontory).