Test on the anatomy of the muscles and fasciae of the female pelvic floor

Assess knowledge of the female pelvic floor anatomy. The test examines the topography of the perineal muscles, fasciae, their innervation, and blood supply.

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1. Which muscle is the primary structure forming the pelvic diaphragm in women?

Deep transverse perineal muscle

The pelvic diaphragm is mainly formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle.
Levator ani muscle (m. levator ani)

The pelvic diaphragm is mainly formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle.
Bulbospongiosus muscle

The pelvic diaphragm is mainly formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle.
Piriformis muscle.

The pelvic diaphragm is mainly formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle.
I find it difficult to answer

The pelvic diaphragm is mainly formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle.

2. Which of the listed muscles is NOT a component of the levator ani muscle?

Pubococcygeus muscle

The coccygeus muscle is an independent muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and is not part of the levator ani. levator ani.
Iliococcygeus muscle

The coccygeus muscle is an independent muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and is not part of the levator ani. levator ani.
Puborectalis muscle

The coccygeus muscle is an independent muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and is not part of the levator ani. levator ani.
Coccygeus muscle (m. coccygeus)

The coccygeus muscle is an independent muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and is not part of the levator ani. levator ani.
I find it difficult to answer

The coccygeus muscle is an independent muscle of the pelvic diaphragm and is not part of the levator ani. levator ani.

3. What is the primary function of the bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) in women?

Narrows the vaginal entrance and surrounds the bulb of the vestibule.

In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vaginal opening, functions as a sphincter, and compresses the bulb of the vestibule.
Elevates the pelvic floor.

In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vaginal opening, functions as a sphincter, and compresses the bulb of the vestibule.
Compresses the external urethral orifice.

In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vaginal opening, functions as a sphincter, and compresses the bulb of the vestibule.
Participates in the act of defecation.

In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vaginal opening, functions as a sphincter, and compresses the bulb of the vestibule.
I find it difficult to answer

In women, the bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vaginal opening, functions as a sphincter, and compresses the bulb of the vestibule.

4. Which nerve provides motor innervation to the superficial and deep perineal muscles in women?

Femoral nerve

All muscles of the urogenital and anal regions of the perineum are innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.
Obturator nerve

All muscles of the urogenital and anal regions of the perineum are innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.
Pudendal nerve (n. pudendus)

All muscles of the urogenital and anal regions of the perineum are innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.
Ilioinguinal nerve

All muscles of the urogenital and anal regions of the perineum are innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.
I find it difficult to answer

All muscles of the urogenital and anal regions of the perineum are innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve.

5. What structure forms the medial wall of the ischioanal fossa?

Internal obturator muscle and its fascia.

The medial wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani) and the external anal sphincter (m. sphincter ani externus).
The inferior surface of the levator ani muscle and the external anal sphincter.

The medial wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani) and the external anal sphincter (m. sphincter ani externus).
Tuberosity of the ischium

The medial wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani) and the external anal sphincter (m. sphincter ani externus).
Deep transverse perineal muscle

The medial wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani) and the external anal sphincter (m. sphincter ani externus).
I find it difficult to answer

The medial wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani) and the external anal sphincter (m. sphincter ani externus).

6. Between which anatomical structures is the deep perineal space (spatium perinei profundum) located in women?

Upper and lower fasciae of the urogenital diaphragm

The deep perineal space is limited by the perineal membrane (lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) below and its upper fascia above.
Lower fascia of the pelvic diaphragm and the superficial perineal fascia

The deep perineal space is limited by the perineal membrane (lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) below and its upper fascia above.
Peritoneum and upper fascia of the pelvic diaphragm

The deep perineal space is limited by the perineal membrane (lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) below and its upper fascia above.
Between the layers of the broad ligament of the uterus

The deep perineal space is limited by the perineal membrane (lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) below and its upper fascia above.
I find it difficult to answer

The deep perineal space is limited by the perineal membrane (lower fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) below and its upper fascia above.

7. What structure does the ischiocavernosus muscle (m. ischiocavernosus) cover in women?

Bulb of vestibule

The ischiocavernosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, covering the crus of the clitoris and attaching to its tunica albuginea.
The greater vestibular gland (Bartholin's gland)

The ischiocavernosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, covering the crus of the clitoris and attaching to its tunica albuginea.
External urethral orifice

The ischiocavernosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, covering the crus of the clitoris and attaching to its tunica albuginea.
Crus of the clitoris

The ischiocavernosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, covering the crus of the clitoris and attaching to its tunica albuginea.
I find it difficult to answer

The ischiocavernosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and ramus of the ischium, covering the crus of the clitoris and attaching to its tunica albuginea.

8. By the splitting of which fascia is the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) formed?

Fascia of the levator ani muscle

The pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) runs along the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle.
Lower fascia of the pelvic diaphragm

The pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) runs along the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle.
Fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria)

The pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) runs along the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle.
Superficial fascia of the perineum

The pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) runs along the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle.
I find it difficult to answer

The pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) runs along the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle.

9. What is the central tendon of the perineum (centrum tendineum perinei) in women?

Site of coccygeus muscle attachment to the sacrum

The central tendon of the perineum is an important fibromuscular structure (perineal body) located between the vagina and the anal canal.
Fibromuscular node between the posterior wall of the vagina and the anal canal

The central tendon of the perineum is an important fibromuscular structure (perineal body) located between the vagina and the anal canal.
Thickening of the obturator fascia

The central tendon of the perineum is an important fibromuscular structure (perineal body) located between the vagina and the anal canal.
Ligament connecting the pubic bones

The central tendon of the perineum is an important fibromuscular structure (perineal body) located between the vagina and the anal canal.
I find it difficult to answer

The central tendon of the perineum is an important fibromuscular structure (perineal body) located between the vagina and the anal canal.

10. The internal pudendal artery provides the main blood supply to the perineum and is a branch of which artery?

Internal iliac artery

The internal pudendal artery (a. pudenda interna) is one of the visceral branches of the internal iliac artery.
External iliac artery

The internal pudendal artery (a. pudenda interna) is one of the visceral branches of the internal iliac artery.
The femoral artery

The internal pudendal artery (a. pudenda interna) is one of the visceral branches of the internal iliac artery.
Inferior mesenteric artery

The internal pudendal artery (a. pudenda interna) is one of the visceral branches of the internal iliac artery.
I find it difficult to answer

The internal pudendal artery (a. pudenda interna) is one of the visceral branches of the internal iliac artery.

11. Which muscle in women interweaves into the anterior vaginal wall and participates in forming the composite sphincter?

Coccygeus muscle

The urethrovaginal sphincter surrounds both the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina and is part of the deep perineal space.
Ischiocavernosus muscle

The urethrovaginal sphincter surrounds both the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina and is part of the deep perineal space.
Bulbospongiosus muscle

The urethrovaginal sphincter surrounds both the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina and is part of the deep perineal space.
Urethrovaginal sphincter (m. sphincter urethrovaginalis)

The urethrovaginal sphincter surrounds both the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina and is part of the deep perineal space.
I find it difficult to answer

The urethrovaginal sphincter surrounds both the urethra and the anterior wall of the vagina and is part of the deep perineal space.

12. What is the tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle (arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani)?

Thickening of the superficial fascia of the perineum

Tendinous arch m. The levatoris ani represents a thickened strip of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle, from which part of the levator ani muscle originates.
Ligament between the ischial spine and the sacrum

Tendinous arch m. The levatoris ani represents a thickened strip of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle, from which part of the levator ani muscle originates.
Linear thickening of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle

Tendinous arch m. The levatoris ani represents a thickened strip of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle, from which part of the levator ani muscle originates.
Fibrous ring around the external os of the cervix

Tendinous arch m. The levatoris ani represents a thickened strip of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle, from which part of the levator ani muscle originates.
I find it difficult to answer

Tendinous arch m. The levatoris ani represents a thickened strip of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle, from which part of the levator ani muscle originates.

13. Which muscle is located in the superficial perineal space (spatium perinei superficiale)?

Deep transverse perineal muscle

The superficial perineal space contains the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse muscles.
Superficial transverse perineal muscle

The superficial perineal space contains the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse muscles.
Sphincter of the urethra

The superficial perineal space contains the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse muscles.
Coccygeus muscle

The superficial perineal space contains the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse muscles.
I find it difficult to answer

The superficial perineal space contains the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and superficial transverse muscles.

14. What of the listed is located in the deep perineal space in women?

Deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus)

The deep transverse perineal muscle is located in the deep space (part of the urogenital diaphragm).
The greater vestibular gland (Bartholin's gland)

The deep transverse perineal muscle is located in the deep space (part of the urogenital diaphragm).
Bulb of vestibule

The deep transverse perineal muscle is located in the deep space (part of the urogenital diaphragm).
Ischiocavernosus muscle

The deep transverse perineal muscle is located in the deep space (part of the urogenital diaphragm).
I find it difficult to answer

The deep transverse perineal muscle is located in the deep space (part of the urogenital diaphragm).

15. Which nerves specifically innervate the external anal sphincter's motor function?

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal nerves, which branch from the pudendal nerve.
Genitofemoral nerve

The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal nerves, which branch from the pudendal nerve.
Sacral splanchnic nerves

The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal nerves, which branch from the pudendal nerve.
Inferior rectal nerves (nn. rectales inferiores)

The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal nerves, which branch from the pudendal nerve.
I find it difficult to answer

The external anal sphincter is innervated by the inferior rectal nerves, which branch from the pudendal nerve.

16. What is the membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the perineum, attaching to the rami of the ischial and pubic bones, called?

Denonvilliers' fascia

Colles' fascia is the deep (membranous) layer of the superficial perineal fascia, forming the lower wall of the superficial perineal space.
Scarpa's fascia

Colles' fascia is the deep (membranous) layer of the superficial perineal fascia, forming the lower wall of the superficial perineal space.
Colles' fascia (fascia Collesi)

Colles' fascia is the deep (membranous) layer of the superficial perineal fascia, forming the lower wall of the superficial perineal space.
Obturator fascia

Colles' fascia is the deep (membranous) layer of the superficial perineal fascia, forming the lower wall of the superficial perineal space.
I find it difficult to answer

Colles' fascia is the deep (membranous) layer of the superficial perineal fascia, forming the lower wall of the superficial perineal space.

17. From which segments of the spinal cord do the muscle branches of the sacral plexus, primarily innervating the levator ani muscle, most commonly originate?

L4-L5

The levator ani muscle is innervated directly by the muscular branches of the sacral plexus originating from the spinal nerves S3-S4.
S3-S4

The levator ani muscle is innervated directly by the muscular branches of the sacral plexus originating from the spinal nerves S3-S4.
S1-S2

The levator ani muscle is innervated directly by the muscular branches of the sacral plexus originating from the spinal nerves S3-S4.
L1-L2

The levator ani muscle is innervated directly by the muscular branches of the sacral plexus originating from the spinal nerves S3-S4.
I find it difficult to answer

The levator ani muscle is innervated directly by the muscular branches of the sacral plexus originating from the spinal nerves S3-S4.

18. Which portion of the levator ani muscle in women forms a muscular loop around the vagina, narrowing its lumen?

Pubovaginal muscle (m. pubovaginalis)

The pubovaginal muscle (part of the pubococcygeus muscle) forms a U-shaped loop around the vagina, acting as its auxiliary sphincter.
Iliococcygeus muscle

The pubovaginal muscle (part of the pubococcygeus muscle) forms a U-shaped loop around the vagina, acting as its auxiliary sphincter.
Ischiocavernosus muscle

The pubovaginal muscle (part of the pubococcygeus muscle) forms a U-shaped loop around the vagina, acting as its auxiliary sphincter.
Superficial transverse perineal muscle

The pubovaginal muscle (part of the pubococcygeus muscle) forms a U-shaped loop around the vagina, acting as its auxiliary sphincter.
I find it difficult to answer

The pubovaginal muscle (part of the pubococcygeus muscle) forms a U-shaped loop around the vagina, acting as its auxiliary sphincter.

19. Which bony structures delimit the urogenital triangle (trigonum urogenitale) anteriorly and laterally?

Ischial spines and sacrum

The urogenital triangle is delimited anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and laterally by the inferior pubic rami and rami of the ischium (up to the ischial tuberosities).
Sacrotuberous ligaments and coccyx

The urogenital triangle is delimited anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and laterally by the inferior pubic rami and rami of the ischium (up to the ischial tuberosities).
Iliac crests and sacroiliac joints

The urogenital triangle is delimited anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and laterally by the inferior pubic rami and rami of the ischium (up to the ischial tuberosities).
Pubic symphysis, inferior pubic rami, and rami of the ischium

The urogenital triangle is delimited anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and laterally by the inferior pubic rami and rami of the ischium (up to the ischial tuberosities).
I find it difficult to answer

The urogenital triangle is delimited anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and laterally by the inferior pubic rami and rami of the ischium (up to the ischial tuberosities).

20. Where does the venous outflow predominantly occur through the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris?

Directly into the internal iliac vein

The deep dorsal vein of the clitoris passes beneath the pubic symphysis and drains into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis).
Into the inferior vena cava

The deep dorsal vein of the clitoris passes beneath the pubic symphysis and drains into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis).
Into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis)

The deep dorsal vein of the clitoris passes beneath the pubic symphysis and drains into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis).
Into the external pudendal vein

The deep dorsal vein of the clitoris passes beneath the pubic symphysis and drains into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis).
I find it difficult to answer

The deep dorsal vein of the clitoris passes beneath the pubic symphysis and drains into the vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis).