Anatomy test on the muscles of the abdomen and pelvis

1. Which aponeurosis forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line (linea arcuata)?

• Aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus muscles

  Above the linea arcuata, the anterior layer is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and the superficial layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis.

• Only the aponeurosis of the transverse muscle

  Above the linea arcuata, the anterior layer is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and the superficial layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis.

• Aponeurosis of the external oblique and the anterior layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis

  Above the linea arcuata, the anterior layer is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and the superficial layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis.

• Only the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

  Above the linea arcuata, the anterior layer is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and the superficial layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Above the linea arcuata, the anterior layer is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique and the superficial layer of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis.

2. From which plexus is the quadratus lumborum muscle innervated?

• Cervical plexus

  The quadratus lumborum muscle receives motor innervation from the muscular branches of the lumbar plexus (Th12, L1-L4).

• Brachial plexus

  The quadratus lumborum muscle receives motor innervation from the muscular branches of the lumbar plexus (Th12, L1-L4).

• Sacral plexus

  The quadratus lumborum muscle receives motor innervation from the muscular branches of the lumbar plexus (Th12, L1-L4).

• Lumbar plexus

  The quadratus lumborum muscle receives motor innervation from the muscular branches of the lumbar plexus (Th12, L1-L4).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The quadratus lumborum muscle receives motor innervation from the muscular branches of the lumbar plexus (Th12, L1-L4).

3. The inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale) is the thickened inferolateral edge of the aponeurosis of which muscle?

• External oblique muscle of the abdomen

  The inguinal ligament represents the thickened lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

• Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen

  The inguinal ligament represents the thickened lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

• Transversus abdominis muscle

  The inguinal ligament represents the thickened lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

• Rectus abdominis muscle

  The inguinal ligament represents the thickened lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The inguinal ligament represents the thickened lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle.

4. Which muscles form the pelvic diaphragm (diaphragma pelvis)?

• M. sphincter ani externus and m. transversus perinei profundus

  The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle, covered by the upper and lower fasciae of the pelvis.

• M. levator ani and m. coccygeus

  The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle, covered by the upper and lower fasciae of the pelvis.

• M. obturatorius internus and m. piriformis

  The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle, covered by the upper and lower fasciae of the pelvis.

• M. ischiocavernosus and m. bulbospongiosus

  The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle, covered by the upper and lower fasciae of the pelvis.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle, covered by the upper and lower fasciae of the pelvis.

5. Which muscle is part of the deep portion of the urogenital diaphragm (diaphragma urogenitale)?

• M. transversus perinei superficialis

  In the deep part of the urogenital region lies the deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus) and the urethral sphincter.

• M. bulbospongiosus

  In the deep part of the urogenital region lies the deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus) and the urethral sphincter.

• M. transversus perinei profundus

  In the deep part of the urogenital region lies the deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus) and the urethral sphincter.

• M. ischiocavernosus

  In the deep part of the urogenital region lies the deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus) and the urethral sphincter.

• I find it difficult to answer

  In the deep part of the urogenital region lies the deep transverse perineal muscle (m. transversus perinei profundus) and the urethral sphincter.

6. What is the anatomical substrate of the linea alba?

• Interweaving of tendon fibers of the aponeuroses of broad abdominal muscles

  The linea alba is formed along the median line by interweaving the tendinous bundles of the aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus muscles from both sides.

• Scarpa's fascia

  The linea alba is formed along the median line by interweaving the tendinous bundles of the aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus muscles from both sides.

• Transverse fascia (fascia transversalis)

  The linea alba is formed along the median line by interweaving the tendinous bundles of the aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus muscles from both sides.

• Tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscle

  The linea alba is formed along the median line by interweaving the tendinous bundles of the aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus muscles from both sides.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The linea alba is formed along the median line by interweaving the tendinous bundles of the aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus muscles from both sides.

7. From which muscles do the fibers of the cremaster muscle (m. cremaster) originate?

• Rectus and pyramidalis abdominis muscles

  The cremaster muscle is formed by bundles that separate from the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as the testis descends.

• External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles

  The cremaster muscle is formed by bundles that separate from the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as the testis descends.

• Quadratus lumborum muscle and external oblique muscle

  The cremaster muscle is formed by bundles that separate from the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as the testis descends.

• Internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles

  The cremaster muscle is formed by bundles that separate from the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as the testis descends.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The cremaster muscle is formed by bundles that separate from the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as the testis descends.

8. Which anatomical structure is located in the gap between m. psoas major and m. iliacus (lacuna musculorum)?

• Femoral artery

  Through the muscular space under the inguinal ligament, the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve (n. femoralis) exit to the thigh.

• Femoral nerve

  Through the muscular space under the inguinal ligament, the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve (n. femoralis) exit to the thigh.

• Femoral vein

  Through the muscular space under the inguinal ligament, the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve (n. femoralis) exit to the thigh.

• Obturator nerve

  Through the muscular space under the inguinal ligament, the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve (n. femoralis) exit to the thigh.

• I find it difficult to answer

  Through the muscular space under the inguinal ligament, the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve (n. femoralis) exit to the thigh.

9. Which of the listed muscles lines the lateral wall of the lesser pelvis?

• M. obturatorius internus

  The internal obturator muscle (m. obturatorius internus) originates from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and pelvic bones, lining its lateral wall.

• M. piriformis

  The internal obturator muscle (m. obturatorius internus) originates from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and pelvic bones, lining its lateral wall.

• M. psoas minor

  The internal obturator muscle (m. obturatorius internus) originates from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and pelvic bones, lining its lateral wall.

• M. iliacus

  The internal obturator muscle (m. obturatorius internus) originates from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and pelvic bones, lining its lateral wall.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The internal obturator muscle (m. obturatorius internus) originates from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and pelvic bones, lining its lateral wall.

10. Which abdominal muscle has characteristic tendon intersections (intersectiones tendineae)?

• External oblique muscle of the abdomen

  The rectus abdominis muscle (m. rectus abdominis) is interrupted along its course by 3-4 tendinous intersections, which blend with the anterior wall of its sheath.

• Quadratus lumborum muscle

  The rectus abdominis muscle (m. rectus abdominis) is interrupted along its course by 3-4 tendinous intersections, which blend with the anterior wall of its sheath.

• Transversus abdominis muscle

  The rectus abdominis muscle (m. rectus abdominis) is interrupted along its course by 3-4 tendinous intersections, which blend with the anterior wall of its sheath.

• Rectus abdominis muscle

  The rectus abdominis muscle (m. rectus abdominis) is interrupted along its course by 3-4 tendinous intersections, which blend with the anterior wall of its sheath.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The rectus abdominis muscle (m. rectus abdominis) is interrupted along its course by 3-4 tendinous intersections, which blend with the anterior wall of its sheath.

11. Muscle bundles of which part of the diaphragm delimit the esophageal hiatus (hiatus esophageus)?

• Sternal part

  The esophageal hiatus is formed by crossing medial crura of the lumbar part (pars lumbalis) of the diaphragm.

• Lumbar part

  The esophageal hiatus is formed by crossing medial crura of the lumbar part (pars lumbalis) of the diaphragm.

• Costal part

  The esophageal hiatus is formed by crossing medial crura of the lumbar part (pars lumbalis) of the diaphragm.

• Tendinous center

  The esophageal hiatus is formed by crossing medial crura of the lumbar part (pars lumbalis) of the diaphragm.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The esophageal hiatus is formed by crossing medial crura of the lumbar part (pars lumbalis) of the diaphragm.

12. Which artery supplies the rectus abdominis muscle, passing through its sheath from below upwards?

• A. epigastrica superior

  The inferior epigastric artery (a. epigastrica inferior) arises from the external iliac artery, penetrates the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle posteriorly, and ascends.

• A. thoracica interna

  The inferior epigastric artery (a. epigastrica inferior) arises from the external iliac artery, penetrates the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle posteriorly, and ascends.

• A. epigastrica inferior

  The inferior epigastric artery (a. epigastrica inferior) arises from the external iliac artery, penetrates the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle posteriorly, and ascends.

• A. circumflexa ilium profunda

  The inferior epigastric artery (a. epigastrica inferior) arises from the external iliac artery, penetrates the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle posteriorly, and ascends.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The inferior epigastric artery (a. epigastrica inferior) arises from the external iliac artery, penetrates the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle posteriorly, and ascends.

13. Through which foramen does the piriformis muscle (m. piriformis) exit the pelvic cavity?

• Foramen ischiadicum majus

  The piriformis muscle originates on the pelvic surface of the sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus).

• Foramen ischiadicum minus

  The piriformis muscle originates on the pelvic surface of the sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus).

• Canalis obturatorius

  The piriformis muscle originates on the pelvic surface of the sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus).

• Foramen suprapiriforme

  The piriformis muscle originates on the pelvic surface of the sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The piriformis muscle originates on the pelvic surface of the sacrum and exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (foramen ischiadicum majus).

14. What is the anterior boundary of the perineum (perineum)?

• Apex of coccyx

  The perineum has a rhomboid shape, with its anterior angle (boundary) being the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

• Pubic symphysis

  The perineum has a rhomboid shape, with its anterior angle (boundary) being the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

• Ischial tuberosities

  The perineum has a rhomboid shape, with its anterior angle (boundary) being the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

• Sacrotuberous ligaments

  The perineum has a rhomboid shape, with its anterior angle (boundary) being the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The perineum has a rhomboid shape, with its anterior angle (boundary) being the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

15. To which group of abdominal muscles does the pyramidalis muscle (m. pyramidalis) belong?

• To the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

  The pyramidalis muscle is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, within the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, and stretches the linea alba.

• To the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall

  The pyramidalis muscle is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, within the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, and stretches the linea alba.

• Rudimentary muscle of the pelvic floor

  The pyramidalis muscle is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, within the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, and stretches the linea alba.

• To the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

  The pyramidalis muscle is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, within the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, and stretches the linea alba.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pyramidalis muscle is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, within the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, and stretches the linea alba.

16. Which ligament, formed by the periosteum of the pubic bone, is the continuation of the lacunar ligament along the crest of the pubic bone?

• Pectineal ligament (ligamentum pectineum)

  The pectineal ligament (Cooper's ligament) stretches from the lacunar ligament laterally along the crest of the pubic bone (pecten ossis pubis).

• Inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale)

  The pectineal ligament (Cooper's ligament) stretches from the lacunar ligament laterally along the crest of the pubic bone (pecten ossis pubis).

• Reflected ligament (ligamentum reflexum)

  The pectineal ligament (Cooper's ligament) stretches from the lacunar ligament laterally along the crest of the pubic bone (pecten ossis pubis).

• Iliopectineal arch (arcus iliopectineus)

  The pectineal ligament (Cooper's ligament) stretches from the lacunar ligament laterally along the crest of the pubic bone (pecten ossis pubis).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pectineal ligament (Cooper's ligament) stretches from the lacunar ligament laterally along the crest of the pubic bone (pecten ossis pubis).

17. Which of the following muscles is located in the superficial perineal space in males?

• M. levator ani

  The bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) surrounds the bulb of the penis and belongs to the superficial muscles of the urogenital region.

• M. coccygeus

  The bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) surrounds the bulb of the penis and belongs to the superficial muscles of the urogenital region.

• M. bulbospongiosus

  The bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) surrounds the bulb of the penis and belongs to the superficial muscles of the urogenital region.

• M. transversus perinei profundus

  The bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) surrounds the bulb of the penis and belongs to the superficial muscles of the urogenital region.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The bulbospongiosus muscle (m. bulbospongiosus) surrounds the bulb of the penis and belongs to the superficial muscles of the urogenital region.

18. To which anatomical structure of the femur does the iliopsoas muscle (m. iliopsoas) attach?

• To the greater trochanter

  The iliopsoas muscle, exiting to the thigh through the muscular lacuna, attaches to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) of the femur.

• To the lesser trochanter

  The iliopsoas muscle, exiting to the thigh through the muscular lacuna, attaches to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) of the femur.

• To the intertrochanteric line

  The iliopsoas muscle, exiting to the thigh through the muscular lacuna, attaches to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) of the femur.

• To the gluteal tuberosity

  The iliopsoas muscle, exiting to the thigh through the muscular lacuna, attaches to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) of the femur.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The iliopsoas muscle, exiting to the thigh through the muscular lacuna, attaches to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) of the femur.

19. In the splitting of the fascia of which muscle is the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal) formed?

• Obturator externus muscle

  The pudendal canal is located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria).

• Piriformis muscle

  The pudendal canal is located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria).

• Levator ani muscle

  The pudendal canal is located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria).

• Obturator internus muscle

  The pudendal canal is located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria).

• I find it difficult to answer

  The pudendal canal is located on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa and is formed by the splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus muscle (fascia obturatoria).

20. Which nerves predominantly provide motor innervation to the transversus abdominis muscle?

• Only by the ilioinguinal nerve

  The broad muscles of the abdomen are innervated by the lower six intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales VII-XII), as well as by branches of the lumbar plexus: n. iliohypogastricus and n. ilioinguinalis.

• By branches of the sacral plexus

  The broad muscles of the abdomen are innervated by the lower six intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales VII-XII), as well as by branches of the lumbar plexus: n. iliohypogastricus and n. ilioinguinalis.

• By intercostal nerves (VII-XII), iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

  The broad muscles of the abdomen are innervated by the lower six intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales VII-XII), as well as by branches of the lumbar plexus: n. iliohypogastricus and n. ilioinguinalis.

• By branches of the vagus nerve

  The broad muscles of the abdomen are innervated by the lower six intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales VII-XII), as well as by branches of the lumbar plexus: n. iliohypogastricus and n. ilioinguinalis.

• I find it difficult to answer

  The broad muscles of the abdomen are innervated by the lower six intercostal nerves (nn. intercostales VII-XII), as well as by branches of the lumbar plexus: n. iliohypogastricus and n. ilioinguinalis.